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Fig. 7 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 7. Prosadenoporus olympiae sp. nov., photographs taken in life. A–C, Holotype, PNM 4645; D, paratype, PNM 4646. A, Entire body; B, head, dorsal view; C, head, ventral view; D, head, left lateral view.

Fig. 5 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 5. Balionemertes cf. australiensis Sundberg, Gibson, and Olsson, 2003, photomicrographs of transverse sections, PNM 4644. A–J, Serial images showing rhynchocoelic valves (indicated by arrowhead) in foregut region; K, proboscis; L, ocellus; M, ovary.

Fig. 1. A in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 1. A, Map of the Philippines, showing the sampling locality (indicated by arrowhead); B, scenery of the sampling locality, Buente, Cebu, photo courtesy of Dr Emilia S. Yap, taken on 22 September 2006.

Fig. 4 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 4. Balionemertes cf. australiensis Sundberg, Gibson, and Olsson, 2003, photomicrographs of transverse sections, PNM 4644. A–C, Precerebral regions; D, proboscis insertion; E, anterior brain region; F, middle brain region just before ventral ganglion bifurcates into superior and inferior lobes; G, posterior brain region; arrowheads indicating nerve fibres leading to buccal nerves sent out antero-ventrally from a commissure between inferior lobes of ventral ganglia.

Fig. 3 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 3. Balionemertes cf. australiensis Sundberg, Gibson, and Olsson, 2003, photomicrographs of transverse sections, PNM 4644. A, Posterior foregut region through nephrostome; dotted lines indicate longitudinal muscles associated with lateral nerve cord; arrowhead indicates cells of unknown function; B, anterior foregut region showing inner circular muscles; C, foregut region showing mid-dorsal nerves and longitudinal muscle plate between rhynchocoel and foregut.

Fig. 2 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 2. Balionemertes cf. australiensis Sundberg, Gibson, and Olsson, 2003, photographs taken in life, PNM 4644. A, Anterior portion, dorsal view; head twisted leftward; epidermis on dorsal side largely damaged and exfoliated; B, head, right lateral view; arrowhead showing ocellus in ventral sub-group of anterior eye group; C, anterior end of body, ventral view, showing distribution of black dots.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

dryad40/100

Using single-worm data to quantify heterogeneity in Caenorhabditis elegans-bacterial interactions

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a model system for host-microbe and host-microbiome interactions. Many studies to date use batch digests rather than individual worm samples to quantify bacterial load in this organism. Here it is argued that the large inter-individual variability seen in bacterial colonization of the C. elegans intestine is informative, and that batch digest methods discard information that is important for accurate comparison across conditions. As describing the variation inherent to these samples requires large numbers of individuals, a convenient 96-well plate protocol for disruption and colony plating of individual worms is established.

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Seascape genetics in a polychaete worm: Disentangling the roles of a biogeographic barrier and environmental factors

Aim: Seascape genomics studies aim to understand how environmental variables shape species diversity through genotype-environment associations. Identifying these effects on lecithotrophic larval species that live in intertidal zones is particularly challenging because they are subject to environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic events. Here, we evaluate how biotic and abiotic features in the Southwest Atlantic littoral zone can affect a high dispersal species' present and historical demographic. Taxon: Perinereis ponteni. Methods: We investigated population genetic diversity, connectivity, and past dynamics using 23,300 SNPs generated using Genotyping by sequencing. We tested whether environmental abiotic variables could explain the variance found in genotype frequencies using isolation-by-environment (IBE) and landscape association approaches. These data, combined with paleodistribution simulations and oceanic circulation modeling, were used to infer species demographic history and connectivity patterns. Results: Along with high levels of connectivity detected, we found a genetic boundary in the southeastern region of Brazil around Cabo Frio (Rio de Janeiro) and a cline trend for some loci. The paleodistribution simulations reveal a spatial refuge in the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 kya), with the expansion of the northern region. We identified 1,421 SNPs with frequencies associated with eight environmental variables, most of which were related to temperature - the main environmental factor determining IBE. Main conclusions: Perinereis ponteni, a polychaete with high gene flow capability responds to biogeographic barriers, highlighting the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping population connectivity. Furthermore, the effect of temperature indicates that future climate change and ocean warming can hugely impact this species.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 5 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 5. Pyrgopolon (Septenaria) cf. tricostata (Goldfuss, 1841), longitudinal section of a tube from Kaňk "Na Vrších", no. NM O8728. A. SEM image of the resulting cast providing a three-dimensional view of three bi-camerate specimens of Entobia isp. and numerous shafts of Trypanites isp. cut by the longitudinal boring Maeandropolydora isp.; galleries are duplicated, more or less parallel, partially touching each other. B. The same view to the specimen by using micro-CT. C. detail of the resin cast showing a pair of bi-camerate Entobia isp. D. micro-CT scan from the same view, details of Entobia chambers are below the lower limit of micro-CT resolution.

ANIMATION 1 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

ANIMATION 1. Three-dimensional animation of specimen Cementula sp., a coiled tube, no. CZ2, from Velim locality, the Czech Republic.

FIGURE 3 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 3. Cementula sp., a coiled tube, no. CZ2, from Velim. A–C. Scanning electron microscope images of resin cast, B–C insets in A showing microbioerosion beneath D–F. Micro-CT images. A, D and E. Identical views using different methods. B. SEM image of resin cast shows branching stolons of Iramena isp., below lower limit of micro-CT resolution. C. Detail showing microbioerosion beneath tube surface and shaft incompletely filled with epoxy resin. D. 2D section through both tubes. E. Semi-transparent rendering of 2D section. F. Volume reproduction image, 3D view to smooth inner surfaces of the tubes.

FIGURE 1. A in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 1. A. Simplified geographic map of Bohemian Cretaceous Basin indicating locations of the studied sites (in rectangle). B. Geographic position of nearshore deposits at Velim, Kaňk "Na Vrších" and Kamajka, where samples were taken (black pentangles).

FIGURE 4 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 4. Placostegus zbyslavus (Ziegler, 1984), longitudinal section of a tube from Kamajka near Chotusice, no. NM O8727. A. SEM image of the resin cast showing a high degree of silicification that led to incomplete dissolution of the tube wall in HCl; image shows only indeterminate non-branching shafts. B. The same view of the specimen using micro-CT clearly shows relatively frequent Maeandropolydora isp. and shallow shafts of Trypanites isp.

FIGURE 2 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic provenance of serpulid tubes from Velim, Kamajka, and Kaňk. 1 - crystalline basement; 2 - basal Cenomanian conglomerate; 3 - redeposited Turonian conglomerate; 4 - bioclastic limestone with calcitic-clayey matrix; 5 - organodetritic clayey limestone; 6 - marly siltstone with intercalations of phosphatized horizon; 7 - sponge 'meadows'; 8 - limestone layer with nodule-like bodies; 9 - calcareous claystone (modified from Košťák et al., 2010; Kočí, 2012). Full filled circles indicate position of serpulid fauna.

ANIMATION 2 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

ANIMATION 2. Three-dimensional animation of specimen Placostegus zbyslavus (Ziegler, 1984), from Kamajka locality, the Czech Republic, no. NM O8727.

Fig. 5 in Rediscovery of the rare Star Mountains Worm-eating Snake, Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea et al., 2015 (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) with the description of its coloration in life

Fig. 5. Distinguishing Toxicocalamus from Micropechis. (A, A')Holotype of T. ernstmayri (MCZ R-145946) from Wangbin, Western Province, PNG. (B, B') Holotype of T. grandis (BMNH 1946.1.18.34) from Setakwa River, Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea. (C, C') Yellow phase of Micropechis ikaheka (BMNH 1909.4.30.12) from the FakFak Peninsula, West Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea. Color-coding of head scalation includes six supralabials (orange), a single anterior temporal (yellow), two posterior temporals (blue), and a temporolabial (red). The individual we report here clearly has the same head scute arrangement as T. ernstmayri.

Fig. 2 in Rediscovery of the rare Star Mountains Worm-eating Snake, Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea et al., 2015 (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) with the description of its coloration in life

Fig. 2. The first live individual of Toxicocalamus ernstmayri, observed and photographed in broad daylight at the Ok Tedi Mine, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. (A) The individual's serendipitous crossing of a 747 mm wide tire track allowed an approximation of its total length as near 850 mm. (B) The snake moves in a straight line across open ground. (C) Slower movement across a rubble pile allowed a more detailed examination of head and body scales (see Fig. 4). (D) The individual moving under the tracks of a stationary digger. Photos by Blaise Paivu.

Fig. 3 in Rediscovery of the rare Star Mountains Worm-eating Snake, Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea et al., 2015 (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) with the description of its coloration in life

Fig. 3. View of an actively worked area of the Ok Tedi Mine. The observed individual of Toxicocalamus ernstmayri eventually disappeared into the vegetation on the slope in the top left of the photograph. Photo by Blaise Paivu.

Fig. 1 in Rediscovery of the rare Star Mountains Worm-eating Snake, Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea et al., 2015 (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) with the description of its coloration in life

Fig. 1. Satellite map (derived from Google Earth) of the southern Star Mountains, North Fly District, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, with yellow dots on the larger map indicating two localities (Wangbin and Ok Tedi Mine), approximately 13 km apart, where Toxicocalamus ernstmayri has been recorded. The main town is Tabubil at the confluence of the Ok Tedi and Ok Mani, which flow into the Fly River. Scale = 5 km. The inset map illustrates the location of the larger map in relationship to the rest of New Guinea.

Fig. 4 in Rediscovery of the rare Star Mountains Worm-eating Snake, Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea et al., 2015 (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) with the description of its coloration in life

Fig. 4. Confirming the individual's identification as Toxicocalamus ernstmayri. (A) Close-up of the snake shown in Fig. 2C with insets B, C, and D indicated. (B, B') Head and neck in extreme close-up. Color coding of head scalation includes six supralabials (orange), one anterior temporal (yellow), and two posterior temporals (blue), but no temporolabial (see Fig. 5). The head scutes appear to comply with the colubrid-elapid nine dorsal scute arrangement (i.e., two internasals, two prefrontals, one frontal, two supraoculars, and two parietals; therefore lacking any head scute fusion, although this is difficult to discern from the magnified image with accuracy. (C, C') Based on the visible dorsal scales, the dorsal scale count on the anterior body is 15. The count is achieved by locating the vertebral scale row and counting down to the lowest dorsal scale row (eight scales), doubling the count, and subtracting one scale to account for the single vertebral scale row. (D, D') The dorsal scale count at midbody, performed as described for the previous panel, is also 15.