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82 results for “Yunga”
FIGURE 6. A in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 6. A) Scatterplot without size effect of the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) of the cranial variables of Oligoryzomys brendae, O. destructor, O. f. occidentalis, Oryzomys chaparensis, and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp. B) Scatterplot without size effect of the first two discriminant functions (DF1 and DF2) of the cranial variables of Oligoryzomys brendae, O. destructor, O. f. occidentalis, Oryzomys chaparensis, and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 3. Comparisons (from left to right) among Oligoryzomys brendae (MACN 26304), O. destructor (FMNH 24611), O. f. occidentalis (MSB 55318), and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp. (MSB 67304). First row: partial view of the rostrum; second row: partial view of the palatal region and mesopterygoid zone; third row: partial view of the left side of the skull; fourth row: partial view of the jaw. Abbreviations, ab: auditory bullae; ap: angular process; cc: carotid canal; cdp: condylar process; crp: coronoid process; et: Eustachian tube; if: incisive foramina; hp: hamular process; occ: occipital condyle; palc: posterior opening of alisphenoid canal; pgf: postglenoid foramen; ssf: subsquamosal fenestra; zn: zygomatic notch; zp: zygomatic plate.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 1. Bayesian Inference tree resulting from the analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences of species of Oligoryzomys. Numbers indicate posterior probability (PP) values of the adjacent node retrieved in the Bayesian Inference (BI, left to the diagonal) and bootstrap support (BS) values gathered in the Maximum Likelihood analysis (ML, right to the diagonal). A lessthan sign (<) indicates that the given clade receives less than 0.5 of PP or 50 % of BS either in the BI or ML analyses, respectively. A dash (-) indicates that in the ML analysis that clade was not recovered. Gray boxes highlight lineages of O. brendae, O. destructor and Oligoryzomys sp. (Taken with modifications from Hurtado & D'Elía 2018).
Figure 1. Pritchardia boliviensis n. gen. n in Pritchardia boliviensis N. Gen., N. Sp. (Anoplocephalidae: Linstowinae) a tapeworm from opossums (Didelphidae) in the yungas and lowlands of Bolivia and Atlantic forest of Paraguay
Figure 1. Pritchardia boliviensis n. gen. n. sp. A) Photomicrograph of complete specimen. Image shows scolex, Anlagen of genitalia in developing segment just posterior to scolex, mature proglottid, and terminal gravid proglottid. Scale = 100 µm. B) Embryonic hooks from egg capsule in uterus of gravid proglottid. Scale = 10 µm. C) Cirrus. Scale = 10 µm. D) Mature proglottid, showing arrangement of reproductive organs relative to osmoregulatory canals. Scale = 100 µm.
FIGURE 4. Cyrtopodium virescens. A. Flower, front view. B in A New Overlooked Species of Cyrtopodium (Cymbidieae, Orchidaceae) from the Southern Andean Yungas and Chaco Serrano Ecoregions of Northern Argentina and Southwestern Bolivia
FIGURE 4. Cyrtopodium virescens. A. Flower, front view. B. Lip, front view, showing the callus. C. Leaves fully developed. Cyrtopodium paniculatum. D. Habit. E. Flower, front view. F. Flower, ¾ lateral view. A and B from Batista 2137 (BHCB 119818), photos by João A. N. Batista; C from Batista 472 (CEN 21209); D and E from a specimen in cultivation from Venezuela (Francischete s.n. - CEN 40588), photos by João A. N. Batista; F from Ecuador (Salazar 9801 - MEXU), photo by Gerardo A. Salazar.
FIGURE 2. Cyrtopodium valebellae. A in A New Overlooked Species of Cyrtopodium (Cymbidieae, Orchidaceae) from the Southern Andean Yungas and Chaco Serrano Ecoregions of Northern Argentina and Southwestern Bolivia
FIGURE 2. Cyrtopodium valebellae. A. Pseudobulbs, young leaves and inflorescence. B. Mature pseudobulb. C. Young leaves during flowering. D. Mature leaves. E. Flower, front view. F. Flower, lateral view. G. Bract, pedicellate ovary and column. H. Perianth dissected from live flower. I. Perianth dissected from dry flower. J. Lip dissected with the side lobes spread. K. Lip mid lobe and callus. L. Callus detail. A, E, G–L from the type material, Valebella s.n. (CTES 399606), images by Miriam Valebella; F from a specimen in cultivation in Jardín Botánico de la Fundación Miguel Lillo, image by Jazmín Senz; B and C from Grau s.n. (LIL 607339); D from Legname & Cuezzo 5499 (LIL 474624-B). Figures A and E–I did not have an original scale and the scale presented corresponds to an average of the measurements of the species.
FIGURE 1. Cyrtopodium valebellae. A. Habit and inflorescence. B. Pseudobulbs and young leaves. C. Flower, front view. D in A New Overlooked Species of Cyrtopodium (Cymbidieae, Orchidaceae) from the Southern Andean Yungas and Chaco Serrano Ecoregions of Northern Argentina and Southwestern Bolivia
FIGURE 1. Cyrtopodium valebellae. A. Habit and inflorescence. B. Pseudobulbs and young leaves. C. Flower, front view. D. Plant in situ. E. Flower, front view. A and B from plants in cultivation in Jardín Botánico de la Fundación Miguel Lillo, photos by Jazmín Senz; C from Tucumán, Argentina, photo by Miriam Valebella; D and E from Gran Chaco, Tarija, Bolivia, photos by Ludmila Pizarro.
Data from: Large-scale fungal diversity assessment in the Andean Yungas forests reveals strong community turnover among forest types along an altitudinal gradient
The Yungas, a system of tropical and subtropical montane forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes, are extremely diverse and severely threatened by anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Previous mycological works focused on macrofungi (e.g., agarics, polypores) and mycorrhizae in Alnus acuminata forests, while fungal diversity in other parts of the Yungas has remained mostly unexplored. We carried out Ion Torrent sequencing of ITS2 rDNA from soil samples taken at 24 sites along the entire latitudinal extent of the Yungas in Argentina. The sampled sites represent the three altitudinal forest types: the piedmont (400–700 masl), montane (700–1500 masl), and montane cloud (1500–3000 masl) forests. The deep sequence data presented here (i.e. 4 108 126 quality-filtered sequences) indicate that fungal community composition correlates most strongly with elevation, with many fungi showing preference for a certain altitudinal forest type. For example, ectomycorrhizal and root endophytic fungi were most diverse in the montane cloud forests, particularly at sites dominated by Alnus acuminata, while the diversity values of various saprobic groups were highest at lower elevations. Despite the strong altitudinal community turnover, fungal diversity was comparable across the different zonal forest types. Besides elevation, soil pH, N, P, and organic matter contents correlated with fungal community structure as well, although most of these variables were co-correlated with elevation. Our data provide an unprecedented insight into the high diversity and spatial distribution of fungi in the Yungas forests.
FIGURE 39 in Review of Incadorcus Arnaud & Bomans with the description of three new species from the Yungas of Peru and Bolivia (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)
FIGURE 39. Distribution map of Incadorcus species.
Mixed-species flocking is associated with low arthropod detectability and increased foraging efficiency by Yungas forest birds in Argentina
<p class="CuerpoB"><span>Mixed-species flocks presumably provide birds with antipredator and foraging benefits. The foraging benefits hypothesis predicts that a reduction in arthropod abundance will trigger flocking activity; however, flocking activity may also be influenced by the difficulty of detecting arthropods, a seldom explored possibility. We found that environmental traits (temperature and foliage density) combined with arthropod abundance explained arthropod detection by birds in the Yungas foothill forest of NW Argentina. Prey detection was inversely related to ambient temperature and foliage density while positively associated with arthropod abundance. Based on this result, we built a </span><span>structural equation model </span><span>using a latent proxy variable for arthropod detectability, arthropod crypsis, integrating ambient temperature, foliage density, and proportion of immature arthropods. This model allowed us to compare the relative importance of arthropod abundance and the difficulty in detecting prey items as predictors of flocking propensity. After two years of studying 129 mixed-species flocks, 1,344 bird foraging sequences, and 25,591 arthropod captures,</span> <span>we found that the flocking propensity of birds was only significantly correlated with arthropod detectability and not with arthropod abundance. </span>Flocking propensity peaked when the arthropod community was comprised of proportionately more immature and non-flying arthropods, the temperature was low, and the foliage cover was more dense; all factors are contributing to a low arthropod detectability. <span>Finally, we evaluated whether joining mixed-species flocks provided foraging benefits such as increased foraging efficiency. Individuals benefited from joining flocks by an average increase of their prey-capture attempt rate of 40%, while the search rate increased by 16%. Our results add a new perspective on the drivers of mixed-species flocking by showing that the capacity to find prey items may have a more significant effect than prey abundance per se.</span></p>
FIGURE 2 in Pholiota oblita, new species in sect. Adiposae stirps Subflammans (Strophariaceae, Agaricomycetes), from the Argentinean Yungas
FIGURE 2: P. subflammans: microscopic features. A— spores, B—cheilocystidia. Bar = 10 µm.
Supplementary material: Fundamental watersheds and altitudinal tripartition of the mountain cloud forests from Northwestern Argentina (Yungas)
<p>Vegetation zonation along the slopes of a mountain, from low to high altitude, is a well-known pattern in landscape ecology. A similar picture is also described in the field of freshwater ecology. Rivers and streams show different types of habitats between upland and downland site locations. We studied both segmentations of altitudinal gradient in a subtropical hotspot of biodiversity, namely the mountainous rainforest <span>of Yungas from Northwestern Argentina. We assessed the agreement between vegetation stratification (</span>fog grasslands, cloud montane forest and low montane rainforest<span>) and the tripartition of assemblages of mayflies (an ancient group of aquatic insects). The products we offer here accompany the paper of Biotropica entitled </span><em>The inter-forest line could be the master key to track biocoenotic effects of climate change in a subtropical forest</em>.</p> <p>We established a pair of altitudinal cutoffs in each of the watersheds from Argentinean Yungas. They correspond to the upper and lower limits of the middle layer, and they were obtained through an optimization task. The objective function was to maximize the overlap between the extent of such a middle layer and the area classified as cloud montane forest. The upper limit approaches to the treeline, whereas the lower limit is expected to fit the inter-forest line. Interestingly enough, assemblages of aquatic insects can be ordinated along altitudinal transects, but the main distinction occurs at either side of the hypothetical inter-forest line rather than the treeline. This finding is consistent throughout the study area. Map of the three altitudinal floors, as well as the different watersheds, are available as raster files. </p>
FIGURE 3 in A New Overlooked Species of Cyrtopodium (Cymbidieae, Orchidaceae) from the Southern Andean Yungas and Chaco Serrano Ecoregions of Northern Argentina and Southwestern Bolivia
FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Cyrtopodium valebellae.
Supplementary material: Fundamental watersheds and altitudinal tripartition of the mountain cloud forests from Northwestern Argentina (Yungas)
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Data from: Large-scale fungal diversity assessment in the Andean Yungas forests reveals strong community turnover among forest types along an altitudinal gradient
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Mixed-species flocking is associated with low arthropod detectability and increased foraging efficiency by Yungas forest birds in Argentina
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FIGURE 5 in On the sharpshooter genus Yunga Melichar, 1924 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae): descriptions of a new species from Panama and of the internal female terminalia of Y. cartwrighti Young, 1968 and Y. coriacea Stål, 1864
FIGURE 5. Female genitalia of Yunga coriacea. A) Abdominal sternite VII, ventral view. B) Pygofer and anal tube, lateral view. C) First valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. D) Detail of first valvula apex, lateral view. E) Second valvifer and valvula, lateral view. F) Detail of second valvula, lateral view. G) Third valvula, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new genus and species of tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) from the lower Yungas of western Bolivia and southern Peru
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic analyses of the new species and relatives using separate gene trees (ND2, cyt b, ACO1, and Rag1) and combined analyses (Concatenated, *Beast). Support values (posterior probabilities) are shown at each node. All trees strongly support the placement of the new species in a clade with Eucometis penicillata and Trichothraupis melanops. However, the trees disagree on the relationships of these taxa relative to each other, and none of the trees show strong support for relationships among these three taxa, emphasizing the distinctness of these three species relative to each other.
FIGURE 2 in A new genus and species of tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) from the lower Yungas of western Bolivia and southern Peru
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic analyses of the new species and close relatives based on UCE loci. Support values for each node shown for RAxML, SVDQuartets, and ASTRAL. There is strong support for a clade containing the new species, Trichothraupis melanops, and Eucometis penicillata. Within this clade, T. melanops is identified as the closest living relative to the new species. Although strongly supported, the branch connecting the clade comprising the new species and T. melanops is short. Thumbnail illustrations of the birds by DFL.
FIGURE 5. A in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 5. A) Scatterplot of the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) of the cranial variables of Oligoryzomys brendae, O. destructor, O. f. occidentalis, Oryzomys chaparensis, and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp. B) Scatterplot of the first two discriminant functions (DF1 and DF2) of the cranial variables of Oligoryzomys brendae, O. destructor, O. f. occidentalis, Oryzomys chaparensis, and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp.
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