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133 results for “altitudinal gradient”
Data from: Drivers of tropical rainforest composition and alpha diversity patterns over a 2,520 m altitudinal gradient
We determined the relationship of forest composition and alpha diversity (species diversity of a local assemblage) to altitude, soil and spatial factors over a 440 - 2950 ma.s.l gradient. Altitudinal gradient on the Atlantic slope of the Talamanca Cordillera, Costa Rica. We measured and identified all stems > 10 cm dbh in 32 0.25-ha undisturbed rain forest plots over the gradient. We determined compositional patterns using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination, and used linear regressions to explore the relationship between four alpha diversity metrics and altitude. With variation partitioning (VARPART) we determined the compositional variation explained by altitude, soil and spatial variables quantified using Principle Components of Neighbour matrices. We identified 425 species. NMS axis 1 separated a lowland zone (440-1120 m asl) from a transitional one dominated by holarctic Oreomunnea mexicana (1400-1600 m asl) and Quercus-dominated forests at altitudes >2100 m asl. The lowland zone was separated into two clusters of plots on NMS axis 2, the first in the 430-620 m asl range and the second at 1000-1120 masl. . Regressions showed that alpha diversity metrics were strongly negatively related to altitude (R2>0.78). Overall adjusted R2 from VARPART was 0.43, with 0.30, 0.21 and 0.17 for altitude, soil and space respectively. The respective adjusted R2 of individual matrices, on controlling for the other two, were 0.06, 0.05 and 0.09 (p<0.001). There are two well-defined forest compositional zones on this gradient – lowlands and montane forests – with a transitional zone at 1400-1600 m asl where lowland tropical and montane holarctic species are found together. Montane forests are very distinct in their composition and low alpha diversity. Vegetation and soil respond to altitude, and therefore temperature, as an integrated system, a model that goes beyond niche assembly as shown by the significant effect of space in the VARPART.
Data from: Specialization and phenological synchrony of plant–pollinator interactions along an altitudinal gradient
1. One of the most noticeable effects of anthropogenic climate change is the shift in timing of seasonal events towards earlier occurrence. The high degree of variation in species' phenological shifts has raised concerns about the temporal decoupling of interspecific interactions, but the extent and implications of this effect are largely unknown. In the case of plant–pollinator systems, more specialized species are predicted to be particularly threatened by phenological decoupling, since they are assumed to be less flexible in the choice of interaction partners, but until now this hypothesis has not been tested. 2. In this paper, we studied phenology and interactions of plant and pollinator communities along an altitudinal gradient in the Alps as a model for the possible effects of climate change in time. 3. Our results show that even relatively specialized pollinators were much more flexible in their use of plant species as floral resources than their local flower visitation suggested. We found no relationship between local specialization of pollinators and the consistency of their visitation patterns across sites, and also no relationship between specialization and phenological synchrony of pollinators with particular plants. 4. Thus, in contrast to the conclusions of a recent simulation study, our results suggest that most pollinator species included in this study are not threatened by phenological decoupling from specific flowering plants. However, the flexibility of many rarely observed pollinator species remains unknown. Moreover, our results suggest that specialized flower visitors select plant species based on certain floral traits such as the length of the nectar holder tube. If that is the case, the observed flexibility of plant–pollinator interactions likely depends on a high degree of functional redundancy in the plant community, which may not exist in less diverse systems.
Data from: Genomewide scan for adaptive differentiation along altitudinal gradient in the Andrew's toad Bufo andrewsi
Recent studies of humans, dogs and rodents have started to discover the genetic underpinnings of high altitude adaptations, yet amphibians have received little attention in this respect. To identify possible signatures of adaptation to altitude, we performed a genome scan of 15 557 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing of pooled samples from 11 populations of Andrew's toad (Bufo andrewsi) from the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, spanning an altitudinal gradient from 1690 to 2768 m.a.s.l. We discovered significant geographic differentiation among all sites, with an average FST = 0.023 across all SNPs. Apart from clear patterns of isolation by distance, we discovered numerous outlier SNPs showing strong associations with variation in altitude (1394 SNPs), average annual temperature (1859 SNPs) or both (1051 SNPs). Levels and patterns of genetic differentiation in these SNPs were consistent with the hypothesis that they have been subject to directional selection and reflect adaptation to altitudinal variation among the study sites. Genes with footprints of selection were significantly enriched in binding and metabolic processes. Several genes potentially related to high altitude adaptation were identified, although the identity and functional significance of most genomic targets of selection remain unknown. In general, the results provide genomic support for results of earlier common garden and low coverage genetic studies that have uncovered substantial adaptive differentiation along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in amphibians.
Data from: Flower colour and phylogeny along an altitudinal gradient in the Himalaya of Nepal
1. Both the phylogenetic structure and trait composition of flowering plant communities may be expected to change with altitude. In particular, floral colours are thought to vary with altitude because Hymenoptera typically decline in importance as pollinators while Diptera and Lepidoptera become more important at higher elevations. Thus, ecological filtering among elevation zones and competitive processes among co-occurring species within zones could influence the floral chromatic cues present at low and high elevations. 2. We collected data from 107 species of native flowering plants in the Himalaya mountains of central Nepal over an elevation range of 900-4100 m, which includes habitat ranging from subtropical to subalpine within a relatively small geographical area. 3. There was significant phylogenetic clustering in the communities as a result of monocots, particularly orchids, which were found overwhelmingly at lower elevations. Phylogenetic signal for floral colours indicated that related species had colours that were more disparate than expected under Brownian motion evolution. Floral colours were significantly more diverse in the higher elevation subalpine zone than in the subtropical zone. However, the chromatic cues at both elevations were consistent with the hue discrimination abilities of the trichromatic hymenopteran visual system. 4. Synthesis. Flower colour is not highly differentiated between subtropical and subalpine vegetation due to differences in the available orders of insect pollinators, or by the rate or direction of color evolution in the lineages composing the two communities. Differences in colour diversity between zones may reflect differences in the ecologically available morphospace based on pollinator species richness and the constancy of their foraging behaviour. The chromatic signals present in Nepali species are similar to the signals found in insect-pollinated floras of other regions of the world.
FIGURES 5A–E. Chrysometa petrasierwaldae n in The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapecó mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients
FIGURES 5A–E. Chrysometa petrasierwaldae n. sp. A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigynum, ventral view. D. Same, posterior view. E. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: AB, 0.3 mm; CDE, 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 7A–D in The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapecó mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients
FIGURES 7A–D. Chrysometa spp. AB. Chrysometa candianii n. sp. A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. CD. Chrysometa minuta (Keyserling). C. Male palp, ventral view. D. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: AB, 0.5mm; CD, 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 1. Study area. A in The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapecó mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients
FIGURES 1. Study area. A) South America; B) Northern South America (rectangle of map A enlarged). The mountain range at the left of the map represents the northern part of the Andes, and the mountainous region in the center of the map is the Guayana Shield, showing the study area in its southern part; C) Closer view of the study area (rectangle of map B enlarged), showing the two sampled sites, the Pico da Neblina (red circle) and the Serra do Tapirapecó (blue triangule). The white line represents the boundary between Brazil and Venezuela.
FIGURES 3A–E. Chrysometa saci n in The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapecó mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients
FIGURES 3A–E. Chrysometa saci n. sp. A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigynum, ventral view. D. Same, posterior view. E. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: AB, 0.3 mm; CDE, 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 6A–I. Chrysometa spp. A–C. Chrysometa lomanhungae n in The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapecó mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients
FIGURES 6A–I. Chrysometa spp. A–C. Chrysometa lomanhungae n. sp. A. Epigynum, ventral view. B. Same, posterior view. C. Same, dorsal view. D–F. Chrysometa yanomami n. sp. D. Epigynum, ventral view. E. Same, posterior view. F. Same, dorsal view. G–I. Chrysometa santosi n. sp. G. Epigynum, ventral view. H. Same, posterior view. I. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: A– C, 0.1 mm; D–F, 0.1 mm; G–I, 0.3 mm.
FIGURES 2A–E. Chrysometa nubigena n in The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapecó mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients
FIGURES 2A–E. Chrysometa nubigena n. sp. A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigynum, ventral view. D. Same, posterior view. E. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: AB, 0.3 mm; CDE, 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 4A–E. Chrysometa waikoxi n in The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapecó mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients
FIGURES 4A–E. Chrysometa waikoxi n. sp. A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigynum, ventral view. D. Same, posterior view. E. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: AB, 0.3 mm; CDE, 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Biodiversity of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) along an altitudinal gradient in the Central Alps
FIGURE 10. Group spectra of the oribatid mite community on Liebener Rippe, Androsacetum alpinae, 2900 m a.s.l. in previous and recent investigations.
FIGURE 2 in Biodiversity of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) along an altitudinal gradient in the Central Alps
FIGURE 2. Illustration of the Sørensen's similarity index calculated for LR (Liebener Rippe, Androsacetum alpinae, 2900 m a.s.l.), HM (Hohe Mut, Caricetum curvulae, 2600 m a.s.l.), SK (Schönwieskopf, Nardetum, 2300 m a.s.l.), ZW (Zirbenwald, pine forest, 2050 m a.s.l.).
FIGURE 1 in Biodiversity of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) along an altitudinal gradient in the Central Alps
FIGURE 1. Species richness, abundance and Shannon diversity-index (H'). LR (Liebener Rippe, Androsacetum alpinae, 2900 m a.s.l.), HM (Hohe Mut, Caricetum curvulae, 2600 m a.s.l.), SK (Schönwieskopf, Nardetum, 2300 m a.s.l.), ZW (Zirbenwald, pine forest, 2050 m a.s.l.).
Fish Diversity and Assemblages along the Altitudinal Gradients of Ghamot National Park Forest Streams the State Biosphere-Reserve Neelum Valley, Pakistan
<p>Fish Diversity and Assemblages along the Altitudinal Gradients of <br>Ghamot National Park Forest Streams the State Biosphere-Reserve <br>Neelum Valley, Pakistan </p>
Data from: Multiple facets of stream macroinvertebrate alpha diversity are driven by different ecological factors across an extensive altitudinal gradient
Environmental filtering and spatial structuring are important ecological processes for the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. However, the relative importance of these ecological drivers for multiple facets of diversity is still poorly understood in highland streams. Here, we examined the responses of three facets of stream macroinvertebrate alpha diversity to local environmental, landscape-climate and spatial factors in a near-pristine highland riverine ecosystem. Taxonomic (species richness, Shannon diversity and evenness), functional (functional richness, evenness, divergence and Rao's Quadratic entropy) and a proxy of phylogenetic alpha diversity (taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness) were calculated for macroinvertebrate assemblages in 55 stream sites. Then Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explore congruence of indices within and across the three diversity facets. Finally, multiple linear regression models and variation partitioning were employed to identify the relative importance of different ecological drivers of biodiversity. We found most correlations between the diversity indices within the same facet, and between functional richness and species richness were relatively strong. The two phylogenetic diversity indices were quite independent from taxonomic diversity but correlated with functional diversity indices to some extent. Taxonomic and functional diversity were more strongly determined by environmental variables, while phylogenetic diversity was better explained by spatial factors. In terms of environmental variables, habitat-scale variables describing habitat complexity and water physical features played the primary role in determining the diversity patterns of all three facets, whereas landscape factors appeared less influential. Our findings indicated that both environmental and spatial factors are important ecological drivers for biodiversity patterns of macroinvertebrates in Tibetan streams, although their relative importance was contingent on different facets of diversity. Such findings verified the complementary roles of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and highlighted the importance of comprehensively considering multiple ecological drivers for different facets of diversity in biodiversity assessment.
FIGURE 3 in Oribatid mite diversity in Rhododendron ponticum L. canopy along an altitudinal gradient in Mtirala National Park
FIGURE 3: Abundance graph of four dominant canopy species along the altitudinal gradient in MNP.
Patterns and drivers of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida diversity along an altitudinal gradient on the Changbai Mountain, China
<p>Distribution patterns of biodiversity and environmental interactions are dominant themes in ecology. In montane ecosystems, biodiversity is closely associated with altitudinal gradients. However, studies of biodiversity in montane ecosystems is focused on plants and vertebrates, with relatively less on invertebrates. Here, the present study used a Vortis arthropod suction sampler to explore the biodiversity patterns of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida and their drivers along an altitudinal gradient (600 m, 800 m, 1600 m, 2000 m, and 2300 m) from typically temperate forests, evergreen coniferous forests, subalpine birch forests to alpine tundra on the north slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. <em>Trichoribates berlesei, Platynothrus peltifer,</em> and <em>Oribatula tibialis</em> were the dominant soil surface-dwelling species on Changbai Mountain. Generally, alpha diversity and beta diversity of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida decreased with the rising altitude, with a peaking density value at 2000 m. The result of beta diversity showed that the structuring of the community was more influenced by the species turnover component than the nestedness component. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination showed that the community structure of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida varied significantly along the altitudinal gradient. The variance partitioning showed that the elevation and climatic conditions determined the soil surface-dwelling Oribatida community. Spatial filtering represented by geographic and elevation distances was particularly associated with soil surface-dwelling Oribatida community variation between altitudes on Changbai Mountain. However, the variation of the Oribatida community between adjacent altitudes was only associated with geographic distance. Our study provides supportive evidence for the biodiversity analyzing of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida in montane ecosystems along an altitudinal gradient.</p>
Fig. 5 in Evidence of altitudinal gradient modifying genomic and chemical diversity in populations of Lychnophora pinaster Mart.
Fig. 5. Dendrogram and heatmap analysis for Lychnophora pinaster populations located at the North (North 01, North 02, and North 03), Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (MrBH, MrBH 01 and MrBH 02), and Campos das Vertentes (CV 01, CV 02, and CV 03) regions based on the fixation index (FST) of Wright's Fstatistics expressed by the full set of SNP markers.
Fig. 6 in Evidence of altitudinal gradient modifying genomic and chemical diversity in populations of Lychnophora pinaster Mart.
Fig. 6. The population structure of Lychnophora pinaster populations. Populations structure is based on the total SNP set (A), neutral SNP set (B), and positive SNP set (C). The selection of neutral and positive SNP sets was performed by BayeScan analysis. North: North region; Met. Reg. Belo Horizonte: Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte; MrBH 01 and MrBH 02: populations of L. pinaster found on Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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