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Figure 3 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 3 Dorsal and ventral photos of glassfrogs in life. (A) Male of Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov., CJ11642 (holotype). (B) Gravid female of H. mashpi sp. nov., Mashpi Reserve, Ecuador. (C) Male of H. nouns sp. nov., ZSFQ0537. (D) Male of H. nouns sp. nov., MZUTI3299 (holotype). (E) Male of H. aureoguttatum, Ecuador. (F) Gravid female of H. aureoguttatum, Ecuador. Photos by Jaime Culebras (A, B, D, E, F) and Ross Maynard (C). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-3

Figure 7 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 7 Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of glassfrog species' calls. Variables analyzed include: peak frequency, maximum frequency, minimum frequency, call duration, and inter-call duration. Sample size as follows: H. adespinosai one individual, 10 calls; H. aureoguttatum six individuals, 24 calls; H. mashpi sp. nov. two individuals, 12 calls; H. pellucidum one individual, 41 calls; H. tatayoi four individuals, 26 calls; H. valerioi three individuals, 70 calls. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-7

Figure 10 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 10 Distribution of Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov. and H. nouns sp. nov. in Ecuador. Note that localities of the two new taxa are separated by the Intag-Guayllabamba valley. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-10

Figure 2 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 2 Phylogenetic position of Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov. and H. nouns sp. nov. Phy- logenetic relationships of Hyalinobatrachium inferred from the 16S mitochondrial gene under ML cri- terion. All sequences were downloaded from GenBank, except those in red (Material S2). Genbank codes are listed next to each terminal. Associated locality data is available at Genbank, as well as in Guayasamin et al. (2008, 2020), Castroviejo-Fisher et al. (2014), and Twomey, Delia & Castroviejo-Fisher (2014). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-2

Figure 6 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 6 Visual representation of Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov. advertisement call, with comparisons of two similar species, H. aureoguttatum and H. valerioi. The call of each species is depicted in three forms: (Top) oscillograms, waveforms representing amplitude changes over time; (Middle) spectrograms, plots of frequency over time, with higher amplitudes represented by brighter colors; and (Bottom) power spectra, representing the relative amplitude of each frequency. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-6

Figure 9 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 9 Habitat of Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov. (A) Tributary of the Mashpi River, Tayra Reserve, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. (B) Mashpi Reserve, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. (C) Tayra Reserve, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. (D) Habitat loss in the vicinity of Tayra Reserve, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. Photos by Jaime Culebras. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-9

Figure 1 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 1 Morphological measurements as obtained in this study. Measurements are described in the text. SVL, Snout–vent length; HW, Head width; IOD, Interorbital distance. Ilustrations by Valentina Nieto Fernández. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-1

Figure 5 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 5 Dorsal patterns of glassfrogs in life. (A) Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov., CJ11642 (holotype). (B) H. nouns sp. nov., ZSFQ0537. (C) H. aureoguttatum, SC 435. (D) H. talamancae, Costa Rica. (E) H. vireovittatum, Costa Rica. (F) H. valerioi, Costa Rica.Photos by Jaime Culebras (A, D, E, F), Jose Vieira (B) and Luis Coloma (C). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-5

Figure 8 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 8 Parental care in Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov. (A) Male calling at San Vicente River, Mashpi Reserve, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. (B) Male at tributary of the Mashpi River, Tayra Reserve, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. Photos by Carlos Morochz (A) and Jaime Culebras (B). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-8

Figure 11 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 11 Habitat of Hyalinobatrachium nouns sp. nov. (A) Tributary of the Manduriacu River, Río Manduriacu Reserve, Imbabura Province, Ecuador. (B) Tributary of the Manduriacu River, Río Manduriacu Reserve, Imbabura Province, Ecuador. (C) Río Manduriacu Reserve, Imbabura Province, Ecuador. (D) Habitat loss in the vicinity of Los Cedros Reserve, Imbabura Province, Ecuador. Photos by Jaime Culebras. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-11

Figure 4 in Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes

Figure 4 Dorsal and ventral photos of glassfrogs in life. (A, B) Male of Hyalinobatrachium vireovittatum, Costa Rica. (C, D) Male of H. talamancae, Costa Rica. (E, F) Male of H. valerioi, Costa Rica. Photos by Jaime Culebras (A, C, D, E, F) and Josué Alberto Vargas (B). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13109/fig-4

Fig. 3 in Two new species of Exetastes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) from the Peruvian Andes

Fig. 3. Exetastes tullu sp. nov. holotype, ♀ (MUSM). A. Habitus, in lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma and T1 in dorsal view. C. Face. D. Propodeum. E. Ovipositor. B–F not to scale.

Fig. 2 in Two new species of Exetastes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) from the Peruvian Andes

Fig. 2. Exetastes andensis sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MUSM). A. Habitus, in lateral view. B. Head, in dorsal view and mesoscutum. C. T1–2. D. Face. E. Propodeum. F. Ovipositor. B–F not to scale.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of Exetastes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) from the Peruvian Andes

Fig. 4. Lateral view of scutellum. A. Exetastes tullu sp. nov. holotype, ♀ (MUSM). B. Exetastes andensis sp. nov. paratype, ♀ (MUSM).

Fig. 2 in Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

Fig. 2. Andes balteiformis Wang, Zhi & Chen sp. nov., ♀. A. Genitalia, lateral view. B. Genitalia, ventral view. C. Anal segment, dorsal view. D. Tergite IX, caudal view. E. Gonapophysis VIII and gonocoxa VIII, dorsal view. F. Gonapophysis IX, lateral view. G. Gonoplac, inner lateral view. H. Posterior vagina, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

Fig. 6. Andes furcutus Wang, Zhang & Chen sp. nov., ♀. A. Genitalia, lateral view. B. Genitalia, ventral view. C. Anal segment, dorsal view. D. Tergite IX, caudal view. E. Gonapophysis VIII and gonocoxa VIII, dorsal view. F. Gonapophysis IX, lateral view. G. Gonoplac, inner lateral view. H. Posterior vagina, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

Fig. 5. Andes furcutus Wang, Zhang & Chen sp. nov., ♂. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Head and thorax, dorsal view. D. Face, ventral view. E. Forewing. F. Genitalia, lateral view. G. Pygofer and gonostyli, ventral view. H. Anal segment, dorsal view. I. Gonostyli, lateral view. J. Aedeagus, right side. K. Aedeagus, left side. L. Aedeagus, dorsal view. M. Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars: A–D, F–M = 0.5 mm; E = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 9 in Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

Fig. 9. Andes pallidus Wang & Chen sp. nov., ♂. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Head and thorax, dorsal view. D. Face, ventral view. E. Forewing. F. Genitalia, lateral view. G. Pygofer and gonostyli, ventral view. H. Anal segment, dorsal view. I. Gonostyli, lateral view. J. Aedeagus, right side. K. Aedeagus, left side. L. Aedeagus, dorsal view. M. Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars: A–D, F–M = 0.5 mm; E = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 4 in Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

Fig. 4. Andes bifidus Wang, Zhi & Chen sp. nov., ♀. A. Genitalia, lateral view. B. Genitalia, ventral view. C. Anal segment, dorsal view. D. Tergite IX, caudal view. E. Gonapophysis VIII and gonocoxa VIII, dorsal view. F. Gonapophysis IX, lateral view. G. Gonoplac, inner lateral view. H. Posterior vagina, ventral view. I. Posterior vagina, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Five new species of the genus Andes Stål, 1866 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

Fig. 3. Andes bifidus Wang, Zhi & Chen sp. nov., ♂. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Head and thorax, dorsal view. D. Face, ventral view. E. Forewing. F. Genitalia, lateral view. G. Pygofer and gonostyli, ventral view. H. Anal segment, dorsal view. I. Gonostyli, lateral view. J. Aedeagus, right side. K. Aedeagus, left side. L. Aedeagus, dorsal view. M. Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars: A–D, F–M = 0.5 mm; E = 1.0 mm.