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opennotspecifiedDec 2007View details →

FIGURES 1–10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1 in The nymph of Atopopus tarsalis Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae): first description, ecology and behaviour

FIGURES 1–10. Atopopus tarsalis nymph. Fig. 1: shape of the head; Fig. 2: labrum in ventral view; Fig. 3: left mandible; Fig. 4: right mandible; Fig. 5: dentisetae on the inner margin of the galea-lacinia (pd: proximal dentiseta; dd: distal dentiseta); Fig. 6: left side of the hypopharynx (ventral view); Fig. 7: outline of the fore leg; Fig. 8: lateral expansions of abdominal segments 2–8 (ventral view); Fig. 9: gill I; Fig. 10: gill IV.

opennotspecifiedDec 2001View details →

FIGS 4 in species of Australian cockroaches in the genus Paratemnopteryx Saussure (Blattaria, Blattellidae, Blattellinae), and a discussion of some behavioural observations with respect to the evolution and ecology of cave life

FIGS 4±8. Paratemnopteryx kookabinnensi s sp. n., male: (4) pronotum; (5) right tegmen; (6) setal gland on ®rst abdominal tergum; (7) supraanal plate and paraprocts, ventral view; (8) subgenital plate, styles, and phallomeres, dorsal view. Scale bars represent 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2001View details →

FIGS 9 in species of Australian cockroaches in the genus Paratemnopteryx Saussure (Blattaria, Blattellidae, Blattellinae), and a discussion of some behavioural observations with respect to the evolution and ecology of cave life

FIGS 9±13. Paratemnopteryx rosensis sp. n., male: (9) right tegmen; (10) right hind wing; (11) setal gland on seventh abdominal tergum; (12) supraanal plate and paraprocts, ventral view; (13) subgenital plate, styles, and phallomeres, dorsal view. Scale bars represent 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2001View details →

FIGS. 1 in species of Australian cockroaches in the genus Paratemnopteryx Saussure (Blattaria, Blattellidae, Blattellinae), and a discussion of some behavioural observations with respect to the evolution and ecology of cave life

FIGS. 1±3. (1) Paratemnopteryx broomehillensis Roth, male, hind margin of supraanal plate with deep U-shaped indentation, dorsal view. (2) Pronotum widest near the middle e.g. Paratemnopteryx suOEuscula Roth, male, dorsal view. (3) Hind margin of supraanal plate rounded or convex e.g. Paratemnopteryx atra Princis, male, dorsal view. Scale bars represent 1 mm.

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Micro-personality traits and their implications for behavioural and movement ecology research

<ol> <li>Many animal personality traits have implicit movement‐based definitions, and can directly or indirectly influence ecological and evolutionary processes. It has therefore been proposed that animal movement studies could benefit from acknowledging and studying consistent inter-individual differences (personality), and, conversely, animal personality studies could adopt a more quantitative representation of movement patterns.</li> <li>Using high-resolution tracking data of three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus), we examined the repeatability of four movement parameters commonly used in the analysis of discrete time-series movement data (time stationary, step-length, turning angle, burst frequency), and four behavioural parameters commonly used in animal personality studies (distance travelled, space use, time in free water, time near objects).</li> <li>Fish showed repeatable inter-individual differences in both movement and behavioural parameters when observed in a simple environment with two, three, or five shelters present. Moreover, individuals that spend less time stationary, take more direct paths and less commonly burst travel (movement parameters), were found to travel farther, explored more of the tank, and spent more time in open water (behavioural parameters).</li> <li>Our case-study indicates that the two approaches – quantifying movement and behavioural parameters – are broadly equivalent, and we suggest that movement parameters can be viewed as "micro-personality" traits that give rise to broad-scale consistent inter-individual differences in behaviour. This finding has implications for both personality and movement ecology research areas. For example, the study of movement parameters may provide a robust way to analyse individual personalities in species that are difficult or impossible to study using standardised behavioural assays. </li> </ol>

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Telomere length correlates with physiological and behavioural responses of a long-lived seabird to an ecologically-relevant challenge

Determinants of individual variation in reallocation of limited resources towards self-maintenance versus reproduction are not well known. We tested the hypothesis that individual heterogeneity in long-term "somatic state" a) explains variation in endocrine and behavioural responses to environmental challenges, and b) is associated with variation in strategies for allocating to self-maintenance versus reproduction. We used relative telomere length as an indicator of somatic state and experimentally generated an abrupt short-term reduction of food availability (withdrawal of food supplementation) for free-living seabirds (Black-legged kittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla). Incubating male kittiwakes responded to withdrawal by increasing circulating corticosterone and losing more weight compared to continuously supplemented controls. Males with longer telomeres increased time in directed travel regardless of treatment, while experiencing smaller increases in corticosterone. Males with longer telomeres fledged more chicks in the control group and tended to be more likely to return regardless of treatment. This study supports the hypothesis that somatic state can explain variation in short-term physiological and behavioural responses to challenges, and longer-term consequences for fitness. Male kittiwakes with longer telomeres appear to have prioritized investment in self over investment in offspring under challenging conditions.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Fig. 8 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care

Fig. 8. Phenogram of Ditomus calydonius showing the new generation arousal and maturation level extimated by integument pigmentation. Рис. 8. Фенограмма, демонстрируюЩаЯ сроки поЯвлениЯ и соЗреваниЯ новой генерации D. calydonius, исходЯ иЗ степени пигментации покровов.

Fig. 5 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care

Fig. 5. Ditomus activity density (individuals/trap in the standard period of 10d) plotted against clay-in-the-soil-classes adopted in this study and canopy covering (%). Note that Ditomus populations has been recorded by pitfall trapping only in class 5 and 6, class 7 belongs to sodium chloride "blue clays" where Daucus plants show very little density. Рис. 5. ДинамическаЯ плотность D. calydonius (особей / 10 ловуШко-суток) в Зависимости от типа почвы по составу глин и проективного покрытиЯ в % (обратите внимание, что популЯции D. calydonius регистрировались почвеными ловуШками только на почвах 5 и 6 классов, почвы 7 класса содержат хлоридно- натриевые «голубые глины», на которых растениЯ Daucus имеют очень ниЗкую плотность).

Fig. 12. A in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care

Fig. 12. A male of Ditomus calydonius on a Daucus inflorescence, showing the typical feeding position, i. e. holding a seed between the forelegs. Рис. 12. Самец D. calydonius на соцветии Daucus в типичной поЗе в момент питаниЯ — держит семЯ между передними лапками.

Figs 3–4 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care

Figs 3–4. The study area: 3 — area Ar4 at Arcavacata seen from below (S zone), where the Daucus plants were still flowering (photo at end of July 1992); 4 — the four zones of Daucus development (C, N, S, O) corresponding to patches of maximum Daucus plant density (grey); A indicates the point of microclimate measurements; the star the position of the only nest-site found. Рис. 3–4. МодельнаЯ плоЩадка: 3 — плоЩадка Ar4 в Аркаваката при виде сниЗу (Зона S) с еЩё цветуЩими растениЯми Daucus carota (конец июлЯ 1992 г.); 4 — четыре Зоны раЗвитиЯ Daucus (C, N, S, O), соответствуюЩие участкам с максимальной плотностью (серый цвет) растений; А — точка иЗмерениЯ микроклиматических параметров, ЗвёЗдочка — положение единственного найденного гнеЗда.

Fig. 11 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care

Fig. 11. Profile of the nest found at August, 21, 1992 in the C zone. All the specimens found are represented in their own position. (Original drawing by dr. Erminio Rocca). Рис. 11. Профиль гнеЗда D. calydonius, найденного 21 августа 1992 г. в Зоне C (все ЭкЗемплЯры представлены на месте обнаружениЯ; оригинальный рисунок доктора Эрминио Рокка).

Fig. 7 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care

Fig. 7. Sex ratio of foraging population during the surface activity period. Right ordinates: temperature at 1 cm from the soil. Dashed line indicates the mean humidity, the continuous one the mean temperature observed in the first four hours of the night (mean of the recordings made every fourth day during the counts of foraging individuals). Рис. 7. СоотноШение полов в популЯции D. calydonius в период фуражировки по данным напочвенной активности (правые ординаты — температура воЗдуха в 1 см от поверхности почвы (t.) и относительнаЯ влажность воЗдуха (r.h.); mean r.h. — среднЯЯ относительнаЯ влажность воЗдуха, mean temp. — среднЯЯ температура воЗдуха, наблюдаемые в первые четыре часа ночи; средние ЗначениЯ рассчитаны по реЗультатам иЗмерений в каждый четвёртый день при подсчёте кормЯЩихсЯ особей).

Fig. 6 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care

Fig. 6. Annual phenogram against temperatures of Ditomus population, counted as individuals active on Daucus umbellas every fourth day. Total data from the entire study area. Left ordinate: Maximum, mean and minimum temparature recorded at 1 cm from the soil surface. Рис. 6. ГодоваЯ фенограмма популЯции D. calydonius (суммарные данные длЯ всего района исследований), составленнаЯ по реЗультатам учётов жуков (раЗ в четырЯ днЯ), активных на Зонтиках Daucus (леваЯ ордината — максимальнаЯ, среднЯЯ и минимальнаЯ температура воЗдуха, ЗарегистрированнаЯ на расстоЯнии 1 см от поверхности почвы).

Figure 4 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates

Figure 4. Box plot comparing the clutch sizes of ferrying (black) and non-ferrying (light grey) waterbirds, with mean marker (X) and median line.

Figure 5 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates

Figure 5. Ancestral state reconstruction of ferrying among 169 waterbird species, illustrating the independent origins of ferrying and the likelihood of ferrying among common ancestors within Anseriformes. Circles at tree branch tips and nodes represent posterior estimates from the threshold model. Illustrations of waterbirds (clockwise from top left: Mergus octosetaceus, Cygnus melancoryphus, Biziura lobata and Salvadorina waigiuensis) by Àngels Jutglar (top left and bottom right) and Francesc Jutglar (top right and bottom left), © Lynx Edicions and Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Figure 3 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates

Figure 3. Bar graph comparing the percentage of ferrying (black) and non-ferrying (light grey) waterbirds which exhibit diving, coloniality, territoriality, and biparental care behaviours.

Figure 1 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates

Figure 1. Three distantly related waterbirds (ie A, common loon; B, red-necked grebe; C, common merganser) that regularly carry their young on their backs ('ferrying'). These individuals represent the independent evolution of this trait among the Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, and Anatidae. Photographs were taken and generously provided by L. Grenzer, M. Gold, and D. Campbell via Macaulay Library (ML588526171), respectively.

Figure 2 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates

Figure 2. Concise phylogeny of Neognathae depicting ferrying avian taxa (Kuhl et al. 2021). Bolded families are those that have species exhibiting ferrying.

opennotspecifiedDec 2011View details →

Figure 3 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)

Figure 3. Percentage of pollen grains found in samples collected from females and males of Monoeca haemorrhoidalis.