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571 results for “biological diversity”
Multiple diversity facets of crucial microbial groups in biological soil crusts promote soil multifunctionality
<p>Aim: Microbial diversity is one of the most important factors for maintaining the performance of multiple functions in soils (multifunctionality). However, existing studies typically consider taxonomic richness or Shannon diversity of the entire community. We know little about the connection network of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity facets and their collective impact on multifunctionality. In this study, the linkages of diversity effects within functional groups were disentangled in drylands.</p> <p>Location: The central Tibetan Plateau.</p> <p>Time period: Present.</p> <p>Major taxa studied: Phototrophs and diazotrophs (mainly cyanobacteria).</p> <p>Methods: Given the carbon- and nitrogen-limited nature of drylands, we conducted a high throughput sequencing of C/N-fixing functional groups from biocrusts and evaluated multiple diversity facets (i.e., richness, evenness, and phylogeny-related trait dissimilarity), together with seven crucial variables of soil functioning to calculate multifunctionality. The relations between multifaceted diversity and abundance with individual functions and multifunctionality were validated by a set of solid statistical analyses.</p> <p>Results: We found that the integrated biodiversity index was a stronger predictor of multifunctionality than richness. The divergent performance of different diversity facets determined the idiosyncratic effect of each functional group on soil multifunctionality. Moreover, the evaluation of functional significance at the species level gave important clues on the trade-offs and redundancy in each functional group, explaining the distinct patterns of diversity effects. Namely, richness was the dominant factor for diazotrophs to maximize multifunctionality, whereas phylogenetic dissimilarity was the essential one for phototrophs.</p> <p>Main conclusions: our study demonstrated that multiple diversity facets should be considered when grasping the biodiversity effects. In contrast with the community level, within-functional group measures may adequately capture the features of diversity that are most correlated with soil multifunctionality. Our results provided a perspective to bridge the gap between taxonomic and trait-based approaches for elucidating the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship.</p>
Aphid conservation biological control in arable crops via flower strips: the predominant role of plant resources over diversity effects
<p>Dataset and R code</p>
FIGURES 1, 2. Orasema stramineipes group biology. 1 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)
FIGURES 1, 2. Orasema stramineipes group biology. 1. Orasema freychei (Argentina) ovipositing on underside of leaf of Tecoma stans; leaf covered with oviposition scars. 2. Orasema evansi (Costa Rica) oviposition scars on banana (USDA-SEL archive photo).
Data from: Environmental and biological controls on the diversity and ecology of Late Cretaceous through early Paleogene marine ecosystems in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain
The late Mesozoic through early Cenozoic is an interval of significant biologic turnover and ecologic reorganization within marine assemblages, but the timing and causes of these changes remain poorly understood. Here, we quantify the pattern and timing of changes in the diversity (richness and evenness) and ecology of local (i.e., sample level) mollusk-dominated assemblages during this critical interval using field-collected and published datasets from the US Gulf Coastal Plain. We test whether the biologic and ecologic changes observed primarily at the global level during this time are also expressed at the local level, and whether the end Cretaceous (K/Pg) mass extinction and recovery moderated these trends. To explore whether environment had any effect on these patterns, we examine data from shallow subtidal and offshore settings. Assemblages from both settings recovered to pre-extinction diversity levels rapidly, in less than 7 million years. Following initial recovery, diversity remained relatively unchanged in both settings. The trajectory of ecological restructuring was distinct for each setting in the wake of the K/Pg extinction. In offshore assemblages, the abundance and number of predatory carnivorous taxa dramatically increased, and surficial sessile suspension feeders were replaced by more active suspension feeders. In contrast, shallow subtidal assemblages did not experience ecological reorganization following the K/Pg extinction. The distinct ecological patterns displayed in each environment follow onshore-offshore patterns of innovation, whereby evolutionary novelties first appear in onshore settings relative to offshore habitats. Increased predation pressure may explain the significant ecological restructuring of offshore assemblages, whereby the explosive radiation of predators drove changes in their prey. Habitat-specific ecological restructuring, and its occurrence solely during the recovery interval, implies that disturbance and incumbency were also key in mediating these ecological changes.
FIGURE 7 in A review of the biological diversity and distribution of small mammal taxa in the terrestrial ecoregions and protected areas of Nepal 3072
FIGURE 7. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views of the skull and lateral views of the skull (c) and mandible (d) of FMNH 114259.
FIGURE 6 in A review of the biological diversity and distribution of small mammal taxa in the terrestrial ecoregions and protected areas of Nepal 3072
FIGURE 6. Lateral outlines of the skulls (from top to bottom) of Myotis sp. (MCZ 32977) from Nepal; M. mystacinus (HZM 25.35972) from Shan State, Myanmar; M. siligorensis (HZM 11.36227) from Meghalaya, India; M. csorbai (HNHM 97.2.4) from 4 km. E. of Syangja, Nepal; and M. muricola (HZM 18.31749) from Pu Mat Reserve, Vietnam.
FIGURE 4 in A review of the biological diversity and distribution of small mammal taxa in the terrestrial ecoregions and protected areas of Nepal 3072
FIGURE 4. Lateral (l) and ventral (v) X-ray images of the skull and mandible of MCZ 32977 (Myotis sp.).
Species diversity and food web structure jointly shape natural biological control in agricultural landscapes
<p>Land-use change and agricultural intensification concurrently impact natural enemy (e.g., parasitoid) communities and their associated ecosystem services (ESs), i.e., biological pest control. However, the extent to which (on-farm) parasitoid diversity and food webs mediate landscape-level influences on biological control remains poorly understood. Here, drawing upon a 3-year study of quantitative parasitoid-hyperparasitoid trophic networks from 25 different agro-landscapes, we assess the cascading effects of landscape composition, species diversity and trophic network structure on ecosystem functionality (i.e., parasitism, hyperparasitism). Path analysis further reveals causality leading to the biological control of a resident crop pest, i.e., <i>Aphis gossypii</i>. Functionality is dictated by (hyper)parasitoid diversity, with its effects modulated by food web generality and vulnerability. Non-crop habitat cover directly benefits biological control, whereas secondary crop cover indirectly lowers hyperparasitism. Our work underscores a need to simultaneously account for on-farm biodiversity and trophic interactions when investigating ESs within dynamic agro-landscapes.</p>
Fig. 1 in Diversity and Notes on the Reproductive Biology of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) onHydrangea arborescensL. andDaucus carotaL. at LaRue-Pine Hills Research Natural Area in Southern Illinois, U.S.A.
Fig. 1. Map of LaRue-Pine Hills Natural Research Area (shaded area) in Union Co., Illinois showing the cerambycid collection sites on Daucus carota (A) and Hydrangea arborescens (B). Courtesy of the United States Forest Service.
Matrix aggregation of species of Phyla Annelida (Polychaeta), Mollusca, Arthropoda (Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Amphipoda, and Chelicerata), and Echinodermata registered of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico region by Ocean Biodiversity Information Systems of the research "Evaluation of the use of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) for capturing the biological diversity of two coral reefs in the Yucatán Península, México"
<p>This database consists of an aggregation matrix of species from Ocean Biodiversity Information Systems using as geographic filters the Caribbean Sea region (ID 34287) and the Gulf of Mexico region (ID 34287) nomenclature and hierarchical classification of each Phyla from World Register of Marine Species used for the calculation of average taxonomic distinction of species belonging to the Phyla Annelida (Polychaeta), Mollusca, Arthropoda (Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Amphipoda, and Chelicerata), and Echinodermata associated to Autonomous Reefs Monitoring Structures from the research “Evaluation of the use of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) to estimate cryptic diversity in two coral reefs of the Yucatan Península, México”</p> <p><strong>*Corresponding autor: </strong>edlinguerra@gmail.com</p> <p>BIS Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Available online: <a href="http://www.iobis.org/">www.iobis.org</a>.</p> <p>Horton, T.; Gofas, S.; Kroh, A.; Poore, G.C.B.; Read, G.; Rosenberg, G.; Stöhr, S.; Bailly, N.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Brandão, S.N.; et al. Improving nomenclatural consistency: A decade of experience in the World Register of Marine Species. <em>Eur. J. Taxon.</em> <strong>2017</strong>, <em>2017</em>, doi:10.5852/ejt.2017.389.</p> <p><span lang="EN-US">was produced in collaboration with the Biodiversidad Marina de Yucatán project. </span><a href="https://www.bdmy.org.mx/carteles-publicaciones/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.bdmy.org.mx/,</a> Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México and Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores</p>
Database of Incidence per reef and región of the research "Evaluation of the use of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) for capturing the biological diversity of two coral reefs in the Yucatán Península, México"
<p><strong>*Corresponding autor: </strong>edlinguerra@gmail.com</p> <p>This database contains information of specimens of the cryptofauna assemblages identified by experts of each Phyla per reef and región and is a complementary material of the research “Evaluation of the use of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) to estimate cryptic diversity in two coral reefs of the Yucatan Península, México”. For the present research, animals of the appropriate species and quality were selected and the minimum number required to obtain scientifically valid results were considered, all animals were anesthetized and deposited in National Collections: Colección Regional de Crustáceos de la Península de Yucatán (SEMARNAT number: YUC-CC-255-11), Colección Regional de Moluscos de la Península de Yucatán (SEMARNAT number: YUC. -INV-240-01-11), Colección Regional de Equinodermos de la Península de Yucatán (SEMARNAT number: DGVS-CC-307-18), Colección Regional de Ascidias de la Península de Yucatán (SEMARNAT number: DGVS-CC-306-18), Colección Regional de Briozoos de la Península de Yucatán (SEMARNAT number: DGVS-CC-308-18), Colección Regional de Cnidarios de la Península de Yucatán (SEMARMAT number: YUC-CC-254-11), Colección Regional de Policládidos de la Península de Yucatán (105 Collection CONABIO) and Colección Nacional del Phyla Porifera “Gerardo Green” of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias, Sisal, Mexico (UMDI-Sisal) and within accordance with scientific collection permits: PPF/DGOPA: 295/17, 300/17, 294/17, 293/17, PPF/DGOPA-076/19 issued by Mexico’s State Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación (SAGARPA).</p> <p><strong>CC-BY-NC-N</strong></p>
Functional diversity of experimental annual plant assemblages drives plant responses to biological soil crusts in gypsum systems
<p>1. Biological soil crusts (BSC) are complex biotic aggregates comprised of lichens, cyanobacteria, algae, and other microorganism that are known to differently affect plant development along life cycle by selecting plant functional traits based on species-specific effects. In addition, functional differences between interacting species should modulate their response ability to other environmental factors. Thus, it should be expected that the effects of the BSC on plants will be significantly determined by the own functional diversity in the community.</p> <p>2. To understand the multiple effects of BSC and the extent to which the functional diversity of interacting plant species can modulate their effects on the development of coexisting species, we applied an experimental approach by manipulating the initial functional diversity of the entire annual plant community and BSC conditions in a common garden trial. We crossed three sorts of assemblages built on the basis of plant stature (combinations of only large, or only small, or diverse sized plant species in pots) with three lichen-dominated BSC disturbance scenarios (intact, or tiny mechanically disaggregated, or absent portions of BSC).</p> <p>3. Biological soil crusts strongly affected the establishment and development of gypsophilous annual plants in a complex, multifaceted manner, which shifted throughout the plant life cycle. We demonstrated that lichen-dominated BSC could act as a major physical barrier to the establishment of annual plants at a heterogeneous fine spatial scale. Such a restrictive effect was particularly marked in presence of intact BSC. However, after annual plants overcame the restrictions imposed by BSC, the same biotic layer facilitated plant growth and fitness, regardless of its physical integrity, resulting in larger plants producing more fruits.</p> <p>4. Importantly, our results suggest that the functional diversity structure of the community may also drive growth and fitness of coexisting species by activating alternative coexistence mechanisms such as niche partitioning or competition symmetry. This study highlights the importance of plant neighbourhood features for the performance of interacting species, and confirms a novel, experimental way to explore the effects of community diversity on plants for the interpretation of assembly mechanisms.</p>
Screening of 165,988 compounds reflecting biological and chemical diversity in the Janssen Library for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity
<p>This report describes the most relevant results of screening a diversity set of the Janssen Pharmaceutica compound collection for potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 in a stable eGFP-expressing VeroE6 cell line infected with SARS-CoV-2.</p>
Fig. 3. A in Phytochemical and biological diversity of triterpenoid saponins from family Sapotaceae: A comprehensive review
Fig. 3. A) Cumulative histogram plotting the number of annually reported saponins (1990–2021), B) Percentage of the major triterpene aglycone of which the total identified saponins in family Sapotaceae were reported.
Fig. 1 in Phytochemical and biological diversity of triterpenoid saponins from family Sapotaceae: A comprehensive review
Fig. 1. Chemical structure of the major triterpenoid aglycones identified in family Sapotaceae, 1: protobassic acid, 38: 16-α-hydroxyprotobassic acid, 81: oleanolic acid, 84: bayogenin.
Fig. 10 in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids: Structural diversity and biological activity
Fig. 10. Substitution characteristics and structures of bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids from species in the genus Bridelia.
Fig. 6 in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids: Structural diversity and biological activity
Fig. 6. Structures of bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids from species in the genera Coreopsis, Cremanthodium, Dendranthema, Eupatorium, Laggera, Leontopodium, Lychnophora, Scorzonera, and Senecio.
Functional diversity of experimental annual plant assemblages drives plant responses to biological soil crusts in gypsum systems
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Data from: Environmental and biological controls on the diversity and ecology of Late Cretaceous through early Paleogene marine ecosystems in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain
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Multiple diversity facets of crucial microbial groups in biological soil crusts promote soil multifunctionality
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OpenNeuro
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