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246 results for “body temperature”
Body temperature and heart rate of free living blackbirds
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Data from: Body temperature, heart rate, and activity patterns of two boreal homeotherms in winter: homeostasis, allostasis, and ecological coexistence
<ol> <li>Organisms survive environmental variation by combining homeostatic regulation of critical states with allostatic variation of other traits, and species differences in these responses can contribute to coexistence in temporally-variable environments.</li> <li>In this paper, we simultaneously record variation in three functional traits – body temperature (Tb), heart rate, and activity - in relation to three forms of environmental variation – air temperature (Ta), photoperiod, and experimentally-manipulated resource levels – in free-ranging snowshoe hares and North American red squirrels to characterize distinctions in homeotherm responses to the extreme conditions of northern boreal winters.</li> <li>Hares and squirrels differed in the level and precision of Tb regulation, but also in the allostatic pathways necessary to maintain thermal homeostasis. Hares demonstrated a stronger metabolic pathway (through heart rate variation reflective of the thermogenesis), while squirrels demonstrated a stronger behavioral pathway (through activity variation that minimizes cold exposure).</li> <li>As intermediate-sized, winter-active homeotherms, hares and squirrels share many functional attributes, yet, through the integrated monitoring of multiple functional traits in response to shared environmental variation, our study reveals many pairwise species differences in homeostatic and allostatic traits, that both define and are defined by the natural history, functional niches, and coexistence of sympatric species.</li> </ol>
Traces of air and body temperature in six hummingbird species in the Andes
<p>Torpor is thought to be particularly important for small endotherms occupying cold environments and with limited fat reserves to fuel metabolism. It remains mysterious why, among birds, torpor is both rare and variable in extent. We investigated torpor in a hummingbird community at ~3,800 m a.s.l. in the tropical Andes by monitoring body temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) in 26 individuals of six species held captive overnight and experiencing natural air temperature (<i>T</i><sub>a</sub>) patterns. All species used pronounced torpor, with one <i>Metallura phoebe</i> reaching a minimum <i>T</i><sub>b</sub> of 3.26 °C, the lowest value yet reported for any bird or non-hibernating mammal. The extent and duration of nocturnal torpor varied among species, with overnight body mass (<i>M</i><sub>b</sub>) loss negatively correlated with both minimum <i>T</i><sub>b</sub> and bout duration. We found a significant phylogenetic signal for minimum <i>T</i><sub>b</sub> and overnight <i>M</i><sub>b</sub> loss, consistent with evolutionarily conserved thermoregulatory traits. Our findings suggest deep torpor is routine for high Andean hummingbirds, but evolved species differences affect its depth.</p>
Field-based body temperatures reveal behavioral thermoregulation strategies of the Atlantic marsh fiddler crab Minuca pugnax
<p>Behavioral thermoregulation is an important defense against the negative impacts of climate change for ectotherms. In this study we examined the use of burrows by a common intertidal crab, Minuca pugnax, to control body temperature. To understand how body temperatures respond to changes in the surface temperature and explore how efficiently crabs exploit the cooling potential of burrows to thermoregulate, we measured body, surface, and burrow temperature data during low tide on Sapelo Island, GA in March, May, August, and September of 2019 . We found that an increase in 1 °C in the surface temperature led to a 0.70-0.71 °C increase in body temperature for females and an increase in 0.75-0.77 °C in body temperature for males. Body temperatures of small females were 0.3 °C warmer than large females for the same surface temperature. Female crabs used burrows more efficiently for thermoregulation compared to the males. Specifically, an increase of 1°C in the cooling capacity (the difference between the burrow temperature and the surface temperature) led to an increase of 0.42-0.50°C for females and 0.34-0.35°C for males in the thermoregulation capacity (the difference between body temperature and surface temperature). The body temperature that crabs began to use burrows to thermoregulate was estimated to be around 24°C, which is far below the critical body temperatures that could lead to death. Many crabs experience body temperatures of 24°C early in the reproductive season, several months before the hottest days of the year. Because the use of burrows involves fitness trade-offs, these results suggest that warming temperatures could begin to impact crabs far earlier in the year than expected.</p>
Data from: On the interplay among ambient temperature, basal metabolic rate and body mass
One of the most generalized conclusions arising from studies analyzing the ecological variation of energy metabolism in endotherms is the apparent negative correlation between ambient temperature and mass-independent basal metabolic rate (residual BMR). As a consequence, ambient temperature has been considered the most important external factor driving the evolution of residual BMR. It is not clear, however, if this relationship is size dependent, and artifacts such as the biased sampling of body masses in physiological data sets could cause us to overstate the ubiquity of the relationship. Accordingly, here we used published data on body mass (mb), BMR, and annual mean temperature (Tmean) for 458 mammal species (and/or subspecies) to examine the size-dependence of the relationship between temperature and BMR. We found a significant interaction between mb and Tmean, such that the effect of Tmean on residual BMR decreases as a function of mb. In line with this, the amount of residual variance in BMR explained by Tmean decreased with mb, from 20 - 30% at body sizes < 100 g to almost zero at body size > 1,000 g. These data suggest that our current understanding of the importance of broad-scale variation in ambient temperature as a driver of metabolic evolution in endotherms probably is affected by the large number of small species in both nature and physiological datasets.
Data from: Evaluation of two methods for minimally invasive peripheral body temperature measurement in birds
Body temperature (Tb) is a valuable parameter when assessing the physiological state of animals, but its widespread measurement is often constrained by methods that are invasive or require frequent recapture of animals. Alternatives based on automated remote sensing of peripheral Tb show promise, but little is known about their strengths and limitations. We measured peripheral Tb in great tits Parus major with subcutaneously implanted passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) and externally attached radio transmitters to determine repeatability of measurements, sensitivity of each method to variation in ambient temperature (Ta) and wind speed, the relationship between methods, and their ability to capture circadian variation in Tb. Repeatability of measurements by radio transmitters was high (> 80%) when readings were taken within 20 min, but reduced to 16% when measures were spaced 3.5 h apart. PIT tag data for the 3.5 h interval were more repeatable (33%) and less variable (cv). Data were affected by Ta with a stronger effect on the externally attached transmitters, but the influence of wind speed was small for both methods. There was a significant positive relationship between transmitter- and PIT tag temperature during both days and nights. Both methods were equally suited to detect diel changes in peripheral Tb. However, transmitters offered longer detection distance and better temporal resolution. These qualities should be considered when deciding how to collect Tb data remotely. If properly deployed, both methods allow measurement of peripheral Tb over a wide range of natural systems and conditions in small, free-ranging, birds.
Data from: No evidence that warmer temperatures are associated with selection for smaller body sizes
Reductions in animal body size over recent decades are often interpreted as an adaptive evolutionary response to climate warming. However, for reductions in size to reflect adaptive evolution, directional selection on body size within populations must have become negative, or, where already negative, more so, as temperatures increased. To test this hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the association between annual estimates of directional selection on body size from wild populations and annual mean temperatures in 39 studies. We found no evidence that warmer environments were associated with selection for smaller size. Instead, selection consistently favoured larger individuals, and was invariant to temperature. These patterns were similar in ectotherms and endotherms. An analysis using year rather than temperature revealed similar patterns, suggesting no evidence that selection has changed over time, and also indicating that the lack of association with annual temperature was not an artefact of choosing an erroneous time window for aggregating the temperature data. Although phenotypic trends in size will be driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, our results suggest little evidence for a necessary ingredient - negative directional selection - for declines in body size to be considered an adaptive evolutionary response to changing selection pressures.
Ambient temperature and female body condition are related to night incubation behavior in wood ducks (Aix sponsa)
For many animals, parental care behavior is an important aspect of their life history that affects both parents and offspring. In birds, one of the most important parental care behaviors is incubation, which is costly to the parent but directly influences embryonic development and fitness of offspring. Some birds exhibit the intriguing behavior of partially incubating their eggs prior to clutch completion for only a portion of each day. This partial incubation is characterized by lower incubation temperatures and constancy than during full-time incubation, which typically begins at clutch completion. Partial incubation may preserve the viability of eggs laid early in the laying sequence, shorten the length of the full incubation period, and/or provide a favorable microclimate to the incubating parent. It might also reduce the probability of nest predation, nest site takeover by another bird, brood parasitism, and/or predation of the adult. Although there is evidence that partial incubation is an adaptive behavior and that time invested in this behavior varies among individuals of the same species, nothing is known about what may drive this inter-individual variation. To investigate how environmental and parental characteristics may be related to partial incubation behavior, we studied the partial incubation behavior of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) using artificial egg temperature loggers within nest boxes. Our results suggest that females with greater mass relative to their structural size invest more time in partial incubation. Additionally, the incubation temperature and length of on-bouts of partial incubation increased over the course of the partial incubation period, and ambient temperature during on-bouts was positively related to incubation temperature. Ultimately, our study suggests that characteristics of both the environment and parent may influence the partial incubation behavior of wood ducks, and improves our understanding of an important, but understudied, aspect of avian parental care.
Data from: Habitat, latitude, and body mass influence the temperature dependence of metabolic rate
The sensitivity of metabolic rate to temperature constrains the climate in which ectotherms can function, yet the temperature dependence of metabolic rate may evolve in response to biotic and abiotic factors. We compiled a dataset on the temperature dependence of metabolic rate for heterotrophic ectotherms from studies that show a peak in metabolic rate at an optimal temperature (i.e., that describe the thermal performance curve for metabolic rate). We found that peak metabolic rates were lower in aquatic than terrestrial habitats and increased with body mass, latitude, and the optimal temperature. In addition, the optimal temperature decreased with latitude. These results support competing hypotheses about metabolic rate adaptation, with hotter being better in the tropics but colder being better toward the poles. Moreover, our results suggest that the temperature dependence of metabolic rate is more complex than previously suggested.
Data from: Competition during thermoregulation altered the body temperatures and hormone levels of lizards
Every organism must thermoregulate to maximize its performance, but competing organisms limit access to preferred microclimates. Such competition often creates hierarchies in which dominant individuals have more access to limited resources than subordinate individuals. To assess the costs of competition during thermoregulation, we measured thermoregulation, movement, and hormones of male lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) when alone and when paired with a smaller or larger conspecific. Large males were 31% closer to the heat source when paired than when alone, resulting in a higher mean body temperature (35.7°C vs. 33.9°C). Conversely, small males were 40% farther from the heat source when paired, resulting in lower mean body temperature (32.1°C vs. 33.6°C). When paired, large and small males to circulate 26% and 44% more corticosterone, respectively. Conversely, large males circulated 26% more testosterone when paired, while small males circulated 26% less testosterone. Both dominant and subordinate males incurred costs when paired, including poorer thermoregulation, more movement, and greater physiological stress. Thus, competition for thermal resources should feature more prominently in ecological and evolutionary models of thermoregulation.
Data from: Patterns of activity and body temperature of Aldabra giant tortoises in relation to environmental temperature
We studied the temperature relations of wild and zoo Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea) focusing on: 1) the relationship between environmental temperature and tortoise activity patterns (n=8 wild individuals), and 2) on tortoise body temperature fluctuations, including how their core and external body temperatures vary in relation to different environmental temperature ranges (seasons; n=4 wild, and n=5 zoo individuals). In addition, we surveyed the literature to review the effect of body mass on core body temperature range in relation to environmental temperature in the Testudinidae. Diurnal activity of tortoises was bimodally distributed, and influenced by environmental temperature and season. The mean air temperature at which activity is maximised was 27.9˚C, with a range of 25.8–31.7˚C. Furthermore, air temperature predicted changes in the core body temperature better than did mass, and only during the coldest trial did tortoises with higher mass show more stable temperatures. Our results, together with the overall Testudinidae overview, suggest that, once variation in environmental temperature has been taken into account, there is little effect of mass on the temperature stability of tortoises. Moreover, the presence of thermal inertia in an individual tortoise depends on the environmental temperatures, and we found no evidence for inertial homeothermy. Finally, patterns of core and external body temperatures in comparison to environmental temperatures suggest that Aldabra giant tortoises act as mixed conformer-regulators. Our study provides a baseline to manage the thermal environment of wild and rewilded populations of an important island ecosystem engineer species in an era of climate change.
Data from: Locomotor activity and body temperature patterns over a temperature gradient in the highveld mole-rat (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae)
African mole-rats are strictly subterranean mammals that live in extensive burrow systems. High humidity levels in the burrows prevent mole-rats from thermoregulating using evaporative cooling. However, the relatively stable environment of the burrows promotes moderate temperatures and small daily temperature fluctuations. Mole-rats therefore display a relatively wide range of thermoregulation abilities. Some species cannot maintain their body temperatures at a constant level, whereas others employ behavioural thermoregulation. Here we test the effect of ambient temperature on locomotor activity and body temperature, and the relationship between the two parameters, in the highveld mole-rat. We exposed mole-rats to a 12L:12D and a DD light cycle at ambient temperatures of 30°C, 25°C and 20°C while locomotor activity and body temperature were measured simultaneously. In addition, we investigated the endogenous rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature at different ambient temperatures. Mole-rats displayed nocturnal activity at all three ambient temperatures and were most active at 20°C, but least active at 30°C. Body temperature was highest at 30°C and lowest at 20°C, and the daily cycle was highly correlated with locomotor activity. We show that the mole-rats have endogenous rhythms for both locomotor activity and body temperature. However, the endogenous body temperature rhythm appears to be less robust compared to the locomotor activity rhythm. Female mole-rats appear to be more sensitive to temperature changes than males, increased heterothermy is evident at lower ambient temperatures, whilst males show smaller variation in their body temperatures with changing ambient temperatures. Mole-rats may rely more heavily on behavioural thermoregulation as it is more energy efficient in an already challenging environment.
A global analysis of field body temperatures of active squamates in relation to climate and behaviour
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Squamate fitness is affected by body temperature, which in turn is influenced by environmental temperatures and, in many species, by exposure to solar radiation. The biophysical drivers of body temperature have been widely studied, but we lack an integrative synthesis of actual body temperatures experienced in the field, and their relationships to environmental temperatures, across phylogeny, behaviour, and climate.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Global (25 countries on six continents)</p> <p><strong>Taxa</strong>: Squamates (210 species, representing 25 families)</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We measured body temperatures during activity for 20,231 individuals, and examined how body temperatures vary with substrate and air temperatures across taxa, climates, and behaviours (basking and diel activity).</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Heliothermic lizards had the highest body temperatures and those most weakly correlated with substrate and air temperatures. Body temperatures of non-heliothermic diurnal lizards were similar to heliotherms in relation to air temperature but to nocturnal species in relation to substrate temperatures. Diurnal snake and non-heliothermic lizard body temperatures were more strongly correlated to air and substrate temperatures than in heliotherms. Correlation parameters of all diurnal squamates vary with mean annual temperatures, especially in heliotherms, so that the thermal relations of the various categories are disparate in cold climate but convergent in warm climate. Non-heliotherms and nocturnal body temperatures are better explained by substrate temperature than by air temperature. Body temperature distributions become left-skewed in warmer-bodied species, especially in colder climate.</p> <p><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: Differences in squamate body temperatures, their environmental relationships, and frequency distributions are globally influenced by behavioural and climatic factors. Differences between behavioural categories are smaller in warm climates where environmental temperatures are generally favourable, but heliotherm body temperature remained consistently higher than all others.</p>
Data from: Optimal sampling interval for characterisation of the circadian rhythm of body temperature in homeothermic animals using periodogram and cosinor analysis
<p>Core body temperature (T<sub>c</sub>) is a critical aspect of homeostasis in birds and mammals and is increasingly used as a biomarker of the fitness of an animal to its environment. Periodogram and cosinor analysis can be used to estimate the characteristics of the circadian rhythm of T<sub>c</sub> from data obtained on loggers that have limited memory capacity and battery life. This data set contains five days of core body temperature, measured by loggers implanted into the abdominal cavity, in nine species of birds and mammals.</p>
Data for: Warming temperatures limit the maximum body length of teleost fishes across a latitudinal gradient in Norwegian waters
<p>As the majority of marine organisms are water-breathing ectotherms, temperature and dissolved oxygen are key environmental variables that influence their fitness and geographic distribution. In line with the gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), the maximum asymptotic body size of water-breathing ectotherms is limited by an insufficient amount of oxygen that is supplied to meet metabolic demand once a threshold of gill surface area to body weight ratio is surpassed. Here we employed generalised additive models (GAMs) to investigate the relative influence of temperature, regional variation in dissolved oxygen, and geographic location (that encompasses multiple latent variables) on the maximum body length of ten teleost fish species, as well to predict their maximum body length, across a large temperature, depth and latitudinal gradient throughout Norwegian waters. As dissolved oxygen levels were near saturation across the study area, we conclude that the predicted maximum lengths of our study species were not limited by oxygen availability. Conversely, the majority of study species display a clear relationship in that their predicted maximum length is either decreasing, asymptotic or parabolic across their observed temperature range. We also observed smaller maximum body lengths for multiple species within the coldest extent of their temperature range, which may be explained by increases in basal metabolism via cold denaturation. Overall, our results suggest that the maximum lengths of our study species are influenced by temperature, thus supporting the tenants of the GOLT.</p>
Data from: Large-scale evolution of body temperatures in land vertebrates
<p>Body temperature is a crucial variable in animals that affects nearly every aspect of their lives. Here we analyze for the first time large-scale patterns in the evolution of body temperatures across terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods, including amphibians, mammals, birds and other reptiles). Despite the traditional view that endotherms (birds and mammals) have higher body temperatures than ectotherms, we find they are not significantly different. However, rates of body-temperature evolution are significantly different, with lower rates in endotherms than ectotherms, and the highest rates in amphibians. We find that body temperatures show strong phylogenetic signal over 350 million years of evolutionary history in tetrapods, and some lineages appear to have retained similar body temperatures over time for hundreds of millions of years. Although body temperatures are often unrelated to climate in tetrapods, we find that body temperatures are significantly related to day-night activity patterns. Specifically, body temperatures are generally higher in diurnal species than nocturnal species, both across ectotherms and, surprisingly, across endotherms also. Overall, our results suggest that body temperatures are significantly linked to phylogeny and diel-activity patterns within and among tetrapod groups, rather than just climate and the endotherm-ectotherm divide.</p>
AristaBotha/Buffalo_Tb_leptin: Buffalo body temperature and leptin
<p>Buffalo body temperature and leptin data with fecal chlorophyll and expected body mass added.</p>
Movies, temperature and pressure measurements associated with the study "Small amounts of dissolved salt increases the mobility of mud flows on Mars and other extra-terrestrial bodies"
<p>Movies, temperature and pressure measurements logs associated with the study "<em>How salts affect mud mobility at low pressures: implications for Mars and other extraterrestrial bodies</em>" that are showing behavior of muds with various content of different types of salts.</p>
Fig. 4 in Age and body size of Salamandrella keyserlingii (Caudata: Hynobiidae): a difference in altitudes, latitudes, and temperatures
Fig. 4 Fittest equations (rational function approximation or second order polynomial regression) between latitude (x-axis: °N)/temperature in descending order (x-axis: °C) and maximum body size (y-axis: mm). No relationship was found between latitude and M-TOL (solid circle: n 018, R 2 0.043, P 0.4116, y intercept 144.876, slope 0.414) M-SVL 0000– or (open circle: n 024, R 2 00.020, P00.5097, y intercept 077.240, slope 0 –0.175). Rational function approximations indicated an intraspecific tendency to decrease M-TOL (Equation a: y ¼ 4: 98338 x 454: 274 þ 16386: 0= x R2 ¼ 0: 202> 0: 043 regression coefficient for a given linear ' regression) with increased latitude from 43 to 57°N and then increase the size from 57 to 69°N (U shaped curve), unlike M-SVL (Equation b: y ¼ 0: 351151 x þ 21: 1776 þ 1478: 83= x R2 ¼ 0: 022 0: 020). A ' significant relationship was not found between temperature and M-TOL (n 18, R 2 0.127, P 0.1464, y intercept 124.426, slope 0.857), and 00000 – neither relationship nor trend was found between temperature and M-SVL (n 22, R 2 0.001, P 0.8804, y intercept 68.330, slope 0.048). Poly00000 – nomial regressions also appeared to decrease M-TOL (Equation c: y ¼ 0: 142278 x2 þ 1: 91652 x þ 121: 877 R2 ¼ 0: 304> 0: 127 ' regression coefficient for a given linear regression) with decreased temperature from 8 to –7 °C and then increase the size from –7 to –15 °C (U shaped curve), but they did not show any trend for M-SVL (Equation d: y ¼ 0: 00965508 x2 þ 0: 0919399 x þ 68: 1711 R2 ¼ 0: 003 0: 001) '
Body temperature protein X-ray crystallography at 37°C: A rhenium protein complex seeking a physiological condition structure: Raw Diffraction Images (112 week soak) Zenodo
<p>The labratory dataset of the raw diffraction images obtained after 112 weeks of soaking in the mother liquor and collected at a wavelength of 1.54 Å, illustrating the covalent coordination of the rhenium(I) tricarbonyl fragment to the His and Asp amino acid residues as well as other similarities when comparing the 37°C data set to 100K data set as described in the publication titled "Body temperature protein X-ray crystallography at 37°C: A rhenium protein complex seeking a physiological condition structure", written by Jacobs, Helliwell & Brink,<em> ChemComm</em>, 2024.</p> <p>The raw diffraction images for the labratory data sets are made available at the Zenodo research data archive, as specified in the publication.</p>
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