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Fig. 5 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function
Fig. 5. Bone histology of the bothremydid turtles Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940) and Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856). A. Sampled costal (FM P27406) of Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940), Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Mooreville Chalk, Selma Group, Dallas County, Alabama, USA. A1. External cortex observed in normal light. Widely spaced growth marks are found in this detail of the cortex. The bone tissue in between the growth marks is vascularized by primary osteons or branching primary canals. Structural fiber bundles that trend perpendicular to the surface of the bone are found throughout the whole of the cortex. A2. Same view as in A1, seen in polarized light. Perpendicular fiber bundles cross the interwoven structural fiber bundles. Note that not all growth marks (small white arrows) appear as bright, birefringent lines in the fibrous tissue. B. Sampled neural (YPM 40288) of Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856), Late Cretaceous, New Jersey, USA. B1. External cortex and external part of cancellous bone are observed in normal light. The cortical bone has 20 growth marks (small white arrows). Vascularization is accomplished through primary osteons and primary canals. Ą
Fig. 1 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic working−hypothesis of the sampled pelomedusoid turtle taxa (Pleurodira: Pelomedusoides) based on Antunes and Broin (1988), Broin (1988), Meylan (1996), and Tong et al. (1998). Fossil taxa are indicated by a small cross in parentheses and numbers are applied for higher taxa names. 1, Pelomedusoides; 2, Podocnemoidae; 3, Bothremydidae; 4, Podocnemidae.
Fig. 3 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function
Fig. 3. Bone histology of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976. A, Sampled neural fragment (UNEFM−101) of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976, late Miocene Urumaco Fm., Venezuela, South America. A1. Close−up of external cortex in normal transmitted light. The cortical bone is vascularized by primary and secondary osteons. Growth marks (small white arrows) occur throughout the external cortex. A2. Same external cortex as in A1, seen in polarized light. The external cortex constitutes a bone matrix of interwoven structural fiber bundles with scattered primary and secondary osteons. A. Close−up Ą 3
Figure 6 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 6. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 11/101). Images (a), (b), (f), and (g) are in polarised light, images (c) and (e) in normal transmitted light, and image (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a) Composite overview image assembled from several images and transferred on a black background. Note distally tapering of the internal cortex. (b) Close-up of cancellous bone and internal cortex, the latter being composed of parallel-fibred bone tissue. (c, d) Close-up of distal end of the specimen. The cancellous bone is subsequently substituted by a loose meshwork of longitudinal coarse fibre bundles. (e, f) Close-up of the proximal part of external cortex, showing a thick, more external zone of predominantly parallel trending interwoven structural fibres (mirroring parallel-fibred bone tissue arrangement), overlying a thin plywood-like system of the more internal zone. Note oblique coarser Sharpey's fibres extending over the plies. (g) Close-up of a more distally situated part the external cortex, where the individual plies of the more internal zone have increased to about twice the thickness seen in the more proximal part of the cortex. The interwoven structural fibre bundles of the more external zone show a more homogeneous distribution instead of dominance of horizontally arranged fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; EC, erosion cavity; ECO; external cortex; EZ, more external zone; GM, growth mark; ICO, internal cortex; IZ, more internal zone, ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres.
Figure 4 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 4. Shell bone histology of Basilemys sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–f) are in polarised light. (a, b) Section of the external cortex of the peripheral YPM 9703 showing characteristic spindle-shaped organisation of growth marks and the "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern of the bone surface. Note "lateral" shift between successive layers causing phasedelayed "saddle and valley" ornamentation pattern. (c) Close-up of the trabecular meshwork of interior cancellous bone of YPM 9703. Note interstitial primary bone matrix in trabecular nodes. (d) Close-up of the internal cortex of the peripheral shell fragment FM P27371. Parallel-fibred bone is vascularised by scattered primary osteons and simple vascular canals. (e) Close-up of the apical external cortex of the spiked osteoderm TMP 80.08.296, showing the external "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern and the spindle-shaped arrangement of bone tissue. (f) Close-up of the internal and lateral cortex of TMP 80.08.296. Note regular arrangement of transversely and longitudinally sectioned interwoven structural fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PO, primary osteon, PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon; trFB, transversely sectioned fibre bundle.
Figure 3 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 3. Bone histology of Nanhsiungchelyidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (c) and (f) in polarised light, and (b) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a, b) Close-up of external cortex of ZIN PH 38/80 (Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.). The more external zone shows growth marks, representing resorption lines in the cortical tissue. The more internal zone shows interwoven structural fibre bundles, vascularised by primary osteons and simple vascular canals. Note scattered secondary osteons. (c, d) Close-up of the external cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). Note presence of fibres extending perpendicular to the bone surface and subparallel growth marks in the external-most layers. Isolated primary vascular canals open up to the bone surface as small foramina. Note succession of resorption lines in the cortex. (e, f) Close-up of the interior cancellous bone and internal cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). The cortical parallel-fibred bone tissue is increasingly invaded by erosion cavities, only in parts lined with centripetally deposited secondary lamellar bone. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavity; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; RL, resorption line; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 5 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 5. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 3/75). Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b) and (f) in polarised light, and (c) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a–c) Close-up of the external cortex showing the plywoodlike system below the external ornamentation pattern. Note internal organisation of plies into fibre bundle quadrangles (see Scheyer et al., 2007), visible as alternating light and dark bundles (b) or yellow-orange and blue-violet bundles (c). Internal to the ply system the bone is coarsely cancellous. (d) Close up of the plywood-like system showing the longitudinally trending plies separating the plies, which show the alternating longitudinally sectioned (yellow-orange) and cross-sectioned (blue-violet) fibre bundle quadrangles. (e) Interior cancellous bone showing predominantly remodelled trabeculae and horizontally oblong intertrabecular cavities. (f) Close-up of the internal cortex showing lamellar zonal bone grading into parallel-fibred bone. Abbreviations: CCB, coarse cancellous bone; FBQ, fibre bundle quadrangles; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LSO, longitudinally sectioned secondary osteon; LZB-PFB, lamellar zonal bone-parallel-fibred bone; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 2 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 2. Bone histology of Adocidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a), (c), and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b), (d), and (f) in polarised light. (a) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 84/87 ("Ferganemys" itemirensis). Growth marks are visible in the more external zone, whereas the more internal zone is dominated by an extensive reticular vascularisation pattern. (b) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 2/116 (Shachemys sp., xiphiplastron: external bone surface is in lower part of image). The more external zone shows highly birefringent growth marks, whereas the more internal zone is increasingly remodelled by secondary osteons. (c) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 92 (Adocus dzhurtasensis). Note absence of the more external zone. (d) Interior coarse cancellous bone of ZIN PH 593/64 (Adocus foveatus). (e) Close-up of the interior trabecular bone of ZIN PH 2/91 (Adocus sp.). (f) Close-up of the internal cortex of ZIN PH 37/86 ("Ferganemys" itermirensis, plastron fragment) showing parallel-fibred bone grading into lamellar bone. Note the light and dark extinction pattern of the tissue. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; PFBLZB, parallel-fibred bone-lamellar zonal bone; PC, primary vascular canal; RVP, reticular vascularisation pattern; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 1 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 1. Shell bone histology of Adocus sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–d) are in polarised light. Close-up of the interwoven structural fibre bundles of external cortex of the peripheral UCMP V87101/150201. (a, b) Note presence of growth marks and perpendicular fibre bundles in the more external zone. The more internal zone shows fine-fibred homogeneous structure of the ISF. (c) Close-up of interior trabecular and coarse cancellous bone of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. (d) Close-up of parallel-fibred bone of internal cortex of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. The bone tissue is vascularised by few scattered primary vascular canals only. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon.
Geometry models of specimens: Micro-CT, Mechanical, and Histological Examination of the Effect of Local Adjuvants on Porcine Cortical Bone Following Intralesional Curettage of Bone Tumors.
<p>Bone samples for micro CT measurements and reconstructed bone geometry from micro CT data.</p>
FIG. 8. Mongolemys elegans, additional material. IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 8. Mongolemys elegans, additional material. IGM 90/30, small articulated shell: A–B, dorsal view; C–D, ventral view. IGM 90/22–23, one juvenile and one hatchling associated shells: E–F, dorsal view. IGM 90/31, nearly complete plastron of a juvenile: G–H, ventral view. IGM 90/51, complete carapace and caudal vertebrae series: I–J, ventral view. IGM 90/54, partial carapace showing the complete series of thoracic vertebrae: K–L, ventral view. IGM 90/41, complete right hyoplastron from a juvenile specimen: M, ventral view; N, dorsal view. Abbreviations: abs, axillary buttress scar; brg, bridge; cav, caudal vertebra. (See fig. 4 for remaining abbreviations).
FIG. 10 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 10. Phylogenetic hypotheses for the relationship of Mongolemys elegans among cryptodires. A, strict consensus tree including all characters and taxa as in appendix 1. Taxa outside of Cryptodira were excluded for the purpose of this figure. Tree length (TL): 449, Consistency index (CI): 0.434, Retention index (RI): 0.802, Rescaled index (RC): 0.384. B, strict consensus after excluding all lindholmemydids except Mongolemys elegans and the three fossil testudinoids (Palaeoemys hessiaca, Achilemys cassouleti and Pseudochrysemy gobiensis). TL = 447, CI = 0.480, RI = 0.798, and RC = 0.382. Bootstrap values from 1000 heuristic search replicates (left) and Bremer support values (right) are provided above or below the branches they pertain too.
FIG. 4. Mongolemys elegans IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 4. Mongolemys elegans IGM 90/55, partially preserved skull. A–B, ventral view; C–D, dorsal view. Abbreviations in addition to those in figures 2 and 3: fbs, foramen caroticum basiphenoidale.
FIG. 6. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 6. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90/11, long bones. Left femur: A, ventral view; B, posterior. Right humerus: C, ventral view; D, dorsal view. Left tibia: E, dorsal view; F, ventral view. Left fibula: G, dorsal view; H, ventral view.
FIG. 2. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 2. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90/11, skull (cranium and lower jaw): A–B, dorsal view; C–D, ventrolateral view, removing the left ramus; E–F, ventral view, with the left ramus in place; G–H, lateral view; I–J, medial view of the left ramus and quadrate. Abbreviations: an, angular; ar, articular; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; den, dentary; fpc, foramen posterius canalis carotici; fr, frontal; fst, foramen stapedius temporalis; ju, jugal; mx, maxilla; pa, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; ppe, processus pterygoideus externus; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; qu, quadrate; sa, surangular; scm, sulcus cartilaginous meckelii.
FIG. 9 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 9. Mongolemys elegans, bone macrostructure and microstructure. Photographs of thin sections, all were taken in transmitted light, 40x otherwise is indicated. IGM 90/42, hatchling-juvenile specimen. A, external cortex and part of the cancellous bone of a costal; B–C, internal cortex and part of the cancellous bone of a costal; D, internal cortex and part of the cancellous bone of the hypoplastron; E, cancellous bone of the hypoplastron; F, external cortex of the hypoplastron. IGM 90/12, adult specimen. G, general view of the costal, showing the external, internal, and cancellous bone layers, photograph take in transmitted light, 10x. H, internal cortex of a costal; I, cancellous bone of a costal; J, external cortex of a costal. K–L, osteocytes in the cancellous bone, both taken in transmitted light, 63x oil lens. Abbreviations: cb, cancellous bone; ec, external cortex; ic, internal cortex; os, osteocyte; po, primary osteon; rb, reticular bone; sf, Sharpey's fiber; so, secondary osteon.
FIG. 5. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 5. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90/11, articulated shell (carapace and plastron): A–B, carapace, dorsal view; C–D, carapace, ventral view; E–F, plastron, ventral view; G–H, plastron, dorsal view. Abbreviations: abd, abdominal scale; anl, anal scale; axb, axillary buttress; c, costal; ce, cervical scale; en, entoplastron; ep, epiplastron; fem, femoral scale; gul, gular scale; hum, humeral scale, hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; if, inframarginal scale; ing, inguinal buttress; isc, ischium; lpp, anal scale m, marginal scale; n, neural; p, peripheral; pl, pleural scale; pub, pubis; py, pygal scale; s, suprapygal scale, v, vertebral scale; xip, xiphiplastron. Missing portions of bone in black, scales in dotted lines. Labels in bold indicate scales.
FIG. 3. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 3. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90/11, isolated left otic chamber-quadrate: A–B, anterior view; C–D, medial view; E–F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ex, exoccipital; faf, fossa acustico-facialis; fnt, foramen nervi trigemini; ha, hiatus acusticus; op, opisthotic; pr, prootic; qu, quadrate; sa, surangular; scm, sulcus cartilaginous meckelii; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal.
FIG. 1 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny
FIG. 1. Location of Mongolia in Asia, and the Bugin Tsav locality inside of Mongolia. (World template figure downloaded from Paleobiology Database on April 23 2011.)
FIG. 2 in Variation in bone histology of middle Eocene sirenians from western Europe
FIG. 2. — Histological characteristics of the ribs: A-D, specimen AR1-33 from Ardanatz (Navarre); A, general view of the medullar region at mid-diaphysis. The medulla is entirely compact and includes deposits of endosteal bone tissue (light areas), with remnants of calcified cartilage matrix interspersed between them (dark areas); B, endosteal deposits, globuli ossei and remnants of calcified cartilage matrix (*) in the diaphyseal medulla; C, deep region of the periosteal cortex at mid-diaphysis. The cortex is composed of variably oriented primary osteons (light areas), surrounded by "woven-fibered" periosteal tissue (dark areas). The asterisk indicates one annulus; D, peripheral region of the cortex. The asterisks point to several conspicuous cyclic growth marks, represented here by lines of arrested growth. Haversian remodelling is feeble; E, medullar remodelling at mid-diaphysis in the rib of specimen UZ1-30 from Uztarrotz (Navarre). The spatial density of the secondary osteons produced by Haversian remodelling is clearly more elevated than in specimen AR1. Polarized light; F, Remodelled medullar spongiosa in the proximal extremity of the rib of specimen UZ1-29 from Uztarrotz. The osseous trabeculae are extensively remodelled, and the residues of calcified cartilage are sparse, as compared to specimen AR1. Polarized light. Scale bars: A, C-F, 950 µm; B, 400 µm.
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