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Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)
Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7).
Making the Most out of a Hydrological Model Dataset: Sensitivity Analyses to Open the Model Black-Box (data and code)
<p>This is "data and code" repository for the Water Resources Research Article 2017WR020401 by Borgonovo et al. (2017): "Making the most out of a hydrological model data set: Sensitivity analyses to open the model black-box". Each sub-directory contains the Matlab or R scripts to reproduce all paper plots. </p> <p>Note, that the data of this repository (i.e. under ./data_input ) are identical to the data analysed by Rakovec et al. (2014).</p> <p>References:</p> <ul> <li>Borgonovo, E., Lu, X., Plischke, E., Rakovec, O. and Hill, M. C. (2017), Making the most out of a hydrological model data set: Sensitivity analyses to open the model black-box. Water Resour. Res.. Accepted Author Manuscript. doi:10.1002/2017WR020767</li> <li>Rakovec, O., M. C. Hill, M. P. Clark, A. H. Weerts, A. J. Teuling, and R. Uijlenhoet (2014), Distributed Evaluation of Local Sensitivity Analysis (DELSA), with application to hydrologic models, Water Resour. Res., 50, 409–426, doi:10.1002/2013WR014063.</li> </ul>
Dataset: Jack in the Box Inc. (JACK) Stock Performance
This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.
Figure 2 in Efficiency of colored modified box traps for sampling of tabanids
Figure 2. Location and position of modified box traps on the experimental field in Monjoroš Forest (first set of traps: 1 – black, 2 – brown, 3 – bordeaux, 4 – light violet, 5 – green, 6 – blue, 7 – red, 8 – yellow, 9 – orange, 10 – white; the second set was constructed by mirror symmetry along a line connecting traps 5 and 6).
Fig. 2 in Short Communication New report of the box crab Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pliocene of Borgomanero (NW Italy), with remarks on its fossil distribution
Fig. 2 - Palaeogeographic map reconstruction of Italy during the Pliocene and the localities of Calappa granulata. Lands above sea level are indicated in grey (modified after Pinna, 1976). Occurrences from the Pliocene (•) and the Pleistocene (+). / Ricostruzione paleogeografica dell'Italia durante il Pliocene e le località di Calappa granulata. Le terre emerse sono indicate in grigio (modificato da Pinna, 1976). Rinveni- menti del Pliocene (•) e del Pleistocene (+). 1) Borgomanero (Novara, Piedmont / Piemonte) (•) (herein). 2) Candelo, Cossato, and Masserano (Biella, Piedmont / Piemonte) (• +). 3) San Pietro (Asti, Piedmont / Piemonte) (•). 4) Arda River / Fiume Arda (Piacenza, Emilia Romagna) (• +). 5) Monticello di Quattro Castella, (Reggio Emilia, Emilia Romagna) (•). 6) Presciano and Stroncoli (Siena, Tuscany / Toscana) (•). 7) Poggi i Sodi (Siena, Tuscany / Toscana) (+). 8) Trumbacà (Reggio Calabria, Calabria) (+). 9) Altavilla and Monte Pellegrino (Palermo, Sicily / Sicilia) (• +).
Fig. 1 in Short Communication New report of the box crab Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pliocene of Borgomanero (NW Italy), with remarks on its fossil distribution
Fig. 1 - Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758), MSNM i 29338. A) carapace in dorsal view / carapace in norma dorsale, x2.8; B) ventral view showing the right palm and dactylus / norma ventrale con palmo destro e dactylus, x10; C) extant adult male, Palermo (Sicily) / esemplare adulto attuale, Palermo (Sicilia), x0.5.
Figure 3. The artefact as it exists as a black box-The Fundamentals Regarding the Usage of the Concept of Interface for the Modeling of the Software Artefacts
<p>Consequently, the artefact as it exists as a black box can be represented according to the representation in Figure 3. It can be noticed that the artefact as it exists as a black box begins to interact with the environment. Two main categories of interfaces may be utilized by any artefact in order to interact with the environment: — Human Computer Interfaces (HCI); — Shared Resource Interfaces (SRI).</p>
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales.
Table 1 in Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora's box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Studied material, listed by original ichnotaxon nomen and in order of publication date, with specification of collection, inventory number and investigation methods. Present type assignments: H = holotype, P = paratype, L = lectotype, PL = paralectotype(s), S = syntype(s), N = neotype. Inventory numbers from the Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt include the sample code on the stub in brackets. Continued on next page.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Publication</b></th><th><b>Ichnotaxon</b></th><th><b>Inventory numbers</b></th><th><b>Collection</b></th><th><b>Comments</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>von Hagenow</th><td><i>Talpina ramosa</i></td><td>MB.Po 2128.1 (L)</td><td>Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin,</td><td>loaned for</td></tr><tr><th>(1840)</th><td>T. solitaria Talpina ramosa</td><td>MB.W. 0864 (L+PL) MMG: MvK 530 (PL)</td><td>Germany Senckenberg Naturhistorische</td><td><i>macrophotography and microscopy</i></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>T. solitaria</i></td><td>MMG: MvK 532 (PL)</td><td>Sammlungen, Dresden, Germany</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>von Hagenow</th><td><i>Talpina foliacea</i></td><td>MB.Po 2130.1–3 (S)</td><td>Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin,</td><td>loaned for</td></tr><tr><th>(unpubl.)</th><td>T. sentiformis Talpina foliacea</td><td>MB.W. 0866 (S) MMG: MvK 529 (S)</td><td>Germany Senckenberg Naturhistorische</td><td><i>macrophotography and microscopy</i></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>T. sentiformis</i></td><td>MMG: MvK 530 (S)</td><td>Sammlungen, Dresden, Germany</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Morris (1851)</th><td><i>Talpina dendrina</i></td><td>PI A 559 (L+PL)</td><td>Natural History Museum,</td><td>loaned for</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>London, UK</td><td>macrophotography, microscopy and μCT</td></tr><tr><th>Clarke (1908)</th><td><i>Clionolithes radicans</i></td><td>6702 (L+PL) 6700 (PL) 6701</td><td>New York State Museum, New York, USA</td><td>series of images provided by collection manager</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>C. palmatus</i></td><td>6697 (L)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>6698 (PL)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Thomas (1911)</th><td><i>Clionolithes hackberryensis</i></td><td>2807, 2808, 2809, 2810 (S)</td><td>Palaeontology depository, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA</td><td>loaned for microscopy</td></tr><tr><th>Lees & Thomas (1918)</th><td><i>Clionolithes lizardensis</i></td><td>2811, 2812, 2813 (S)</td><td>Palaeontology depository, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA</td><td>loaned for microscopy</td></tr><tr><th>Ruedemann (1925)</th><td><i>Clionolithes quaerens</i></td><td>6699 (H)</td><td>New York State Museum, Albany, USA</td><td>series of images provided by collection manager</td></tr><tr><th>Fenton & Fenton</th><td><i>Clionolithes fossiger</i></td><td>4811 (H)</td><td>Carnegie Museum of Natural</td><td>series of images</td></tr><tr><th>(1932)</th><td><i>C. hackberryensis</i></td><td>4810, 4812 (P) 4804, 4805, 4806, 4807, 4808, 4809</td><td>History, Pittsburgh, USA</td><td>provided by collection manager</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Clionolithes irregularis</i></td><td>PAL 84693 (H)</td><td>Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA</td><td>loaned for microscopy</td></tr><tr><th>Mägdefrau</th><td><i>Dendrina belemniticola</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.1 (L)</td><td>Institut für Geowissenschaften</td><td>loaned for</td></tr><tr><th>(1937)</th><td></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.6 MLU.Mäg1937.IV.8</td><td>und Geographie, Halle, Germany</td><td>macrophotography, microscopy and scans of glass negatives</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>D. anomala</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV. 5 (H) (glass negative only)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.10 (N)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>D. incomposita</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.2 (L+PL)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>D. minor</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.3 (S)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Calcideletrix flexuosa</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.4 (H)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>C. breviramosa</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.9 (H)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Dictyoporus nodosus</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.IV.10 (H)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Abeliella riccioides</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.V.1 (L+PL)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>A. procera</i></td><td>MLU.Mäg1937.V.2 (L+PL)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Solle (1938)</th><td><i>Olkenbachia hirsuta</i></td><td>XXVI 165 a, d, e, f, i (3x), n (4x), s (3x) (P)</td><td>Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany</td><td>photographed at collection and/or loaned</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>O. pannosa O. simplex</td><td>XXVI 166a (H) XXVI 167a (H)</td><td></td><td><i>for microscopy and SEM</i></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>" Chondrites " symmetricus</i></td><td>XXX 415a (H)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>XXX 415b (P)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>"C." multifilum</i></td><td>XXX 414b (P)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Talent (1963)</th><td><i>Clionolithes sollei</i></td><td>P60575 (H+P)</td><td>Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</td><td>series of images provided by collection manager</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 4 in Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora's box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)
<p><b>Table 4.</b> Compilation of informally named records of dendrinid microborings (in order of publication), together with the identifications based on the revised dendrinid ichnotaxonomy.? = uncertain; p = partim. Continued on next page.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Informal name</b></th><th><b>Publication</b></th><th><b>Identification</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Spinate Microborings</th><td>Edwards & Perkins (1974)</td><td>? <i>Rhopalondendrina contra</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Spinate boring form</th><td>Zeff & Perkins (1979)</td><td>? <i>Rhopalondendrina acanthina</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Algal form B</th><td>Budd & Perkins (1980)</td><td>? <i>Calcideletrix fastigata</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Sponge form B</th><td>Budd & Perkins (1980)</td><td>? <i>Rhopalondendrina acanthina</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Morfotipo B2</th><td>Mayoral (1988)</td><td>? <i>Calcideletrix fastigata</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Morfotipo B3</th><td>Mayoral (1988)</td><td>? <i>Calcideletrix fastigata</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Morfotipo B4</th><td>Mayoral (1988)</td><td>? <i>Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Morfotipo B5</th><td>Mayoral (1988)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>J-Form C-1</th><td>Glaub (1988)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>J-Form C-2</th><td>Glaub (1988)</td><td>? <i>Entobia</i> isp.</td></tr><tr><th>J-Form F-4</th><td>Glaub (1988)</td><td><i>= Rhopalondendrina avis</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Sponge, Form 1</th><td>Günther (1990)</td><td>= <i>Rhopalondendrina tigris</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Rosetten-Form B</th><td>Hofmann & Vogel (1992)</td><td>= <i>Calcideletrix anomala</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Rosetten-Form D</th><td>Hofmann & Vogel (1992)</td><td>= <i>Dendrina belemniticola</i></td></tr><tr><th>Rosetten-Form E</th><td>Hofmann & Vogel (1992)</td><td>= <i>Dendrina belemniticola</i></td></tr><tr><th>Rosetten-Form G</th><td>Hofmann & Vogel (1992)</td><td>= <i>Calcideletrix flexuosa</i></td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form I</th><td>Schmidt (1992)</td><td>? <i>Entobia</i> isp.</td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form II</th><td>Schmidt (1992)</td><td>? <i>Clionolithes radicans</i></td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form III</th><td>Schmidt (1992)</td><td>? <i>Rhopalondendrina acanthina</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Echinoid form</th><td>Radtke (1993)</td><td>= <i>Rhopalondendrina tigris</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cliona</i> sp. 1</th><td>Schmidt & Freiwald (1993)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Semidendrina-Form</th><td>Glaub (1994)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Fastigatdendrina-Form</th><td>Glaub (1994)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Rhopalondendrina-Form</th><td>Glaub (1994)</td><td>= <i>Rhopalondendrina avis</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Entobia</i> -Form 2</th><td>Glaub (1994)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>J-Form C-2</th><td>Glaub & Schmidt (1994)</td><td>? <i>Entobia</i> isp.</td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form II</th><td>Glaub & Schmidt (1994)</td><td>? <i>Clionolithes radicans</i></td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form III</th><td>Glaub & Schmidt (1994)</td><td>? <i>Rhopalondendrina acanthina</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Rosetten-Form</th><td>Glaub & Schmidt (1994)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Rosetten-Form A</th><td>Hofmann (1996)</td><td>? (p) <i>Dendrina dendrina</i></td></tr><tr><th>Fastigatdendrina-Form</th><td>Bundschuh (2000)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form A</th><td>Bundschuh (2000)</td><td>= <i>Dictyoporus nodosus</i></td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form B</th><td>Bundschuh (2000)</td><td>? <i>Clionolithes radicans</i></td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form C</th><td>Bundschuh (2000)</td><td>= <i>Dictyoporus nodosus</i></td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid-Form D</th><td>Bundschuh (2000)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Piatella-Form</th><td>Bundschuh (2000)</td><td>? <i>Dendrina lacerata</i></td></tr><tr><th>Rhopalodendrina form</th><td>Vogel & Marincovich (2004)</td><td>? <i>Rhopalondendrina avis</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Echinoid Form</th><td>Glaub (2004)</td><td>= <i>Rhopalondendrina tigris</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> Form</th><td>Beuck & Freiwald (2005)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Foraminiferan trace</th><td>Försterra <i>et al.</i> (2005)</td><td><i>= Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Rosette A</th><td>Tapanila (2005)</td><td><i>= Pyrodendrina cupra</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> -form</th><td>Bromley (2005)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Non-camerate radiating form</th><td>Bromley (2005)</td><td>= <i>Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Hirsute camerate form</th><td>Bromley (2005)</td><td>? <i>Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> Form</th><td>Wisshak <i>et al.</i> (2005a)</td><td>= <i>Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> -form</th><td>Wisshak <i>et al.</i> (2005b)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Sponge form II</th><td>Wisshak <i>et al.</i> (2005a)</td><td>= <i>Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Sponge form VI</th><td>Wisshak <i>et al.</i> (2005a)</td><td>? <i>Pyrodendrina arctica</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Rosette-shaped borings</th><td>Botquelen & Mayoral (2005)</td><td>? Clionolithes radicans</td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> -form</th><td>Wisshak (2006)</td><td><i>=</i> (p) <i>Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Microsponge-form 2</th><td>Wisshak (2006)</td><td>= <i>Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Microsponge-form 6</th><td>Wisshak (2006)</td><td>? <i>Pyrodendrina arctica</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> -form</th><td>Wisshak & Rüggeberg (2006)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> -form</th><td>Santos & Mayoral (2008)</td><td><i>= Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Semidendrina</i> -form</th><td>Pereira <i>et al.</i> (2009)</td><td>? <i>Nododendrina europaea</i> comb. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid Form 1</th><td>Vogel & Brett (2009)</td><td>? <i>Clionolithes cervicornis</i></td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid Form 2</th><td>Vogel & Brett (2009)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Mini-Meander Form</th><td>Vogel & Brett (2009)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Foraminiferan Form</th><td>Beuck <i>et al.</i> (2010)</td><td>= (p) <i>Pyrodendrina villosa</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Bunched whips form</th><td>Wisshak <i>et al.</i> (2011)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid form 1</th><td>Wisshak <i>et al.</i> (2011)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>Dendroid form 2</th><td>Wisshak <i>et al.</i> (2011)</td><td>= <i>Rhopalondendrina acanthina</i> isp. nov.</td></tr><tr><th>Morphotype 4</th><td>Seuss <i>et al.</i> (2015)</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora's box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Revised suite of ichnotaxa (in order of original ichnogenus and ichnospecies establishment; type ichnospecies marked by asterisk) comprised within the ichnofamily Dendrinidae, and the most relevant diagnostic ichnogeneric feature(s).</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Ichnotaxon</b></th><th><b>Most relevant diagnostic features</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>Dendrina</i> Quenstedt, 1849</th><td>Thin inlet tunnel leads to substrate parallel, circumradial, rosetted cavity</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. dendrina</i> (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. *</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. belemniticola</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. lacerata</i> Hofmann, 1996</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Clionolithes</i> Clarke, 1908</th><td>Tapering, ramified galleries radiating from dome-shaped central cavity</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. radicans</i> Clarke, 1908 *</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. palmatus</i> Clarke, 1908</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. pannosus</i> (Solle, 1938) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. cervicornis</i> (Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987)</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. alcicornis</i> (Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. convexus</i> (Hofmann, 1996) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Calcideletrix</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>Strongly ramified with prostrate, tapering, rarely anastomosing galleries</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. flexuosa</i> Mägdefrau, 1937 *</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. breviramosa</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. anomala</i> (Mägdefrau, 1937) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>C. fastigata</i> (Radtke, 1991) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dictyoporus</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>Reticulate channel or tunnel network with high degree of anastomosis</td></tr><tr><th><i>D. nodosus</i> Mägdefrau, 1937 *</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>D. balani</i> (Tavernier <i>et al.</i>, 1992) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Abeliella</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td>Strictly dichotomously ramifying prostrate trace in osteic substrates</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>A. riccioides</i> Mägdefrau, 1937 *</th></tr><tr><th><i>A. procera</i> Mägdefrau, 1937</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Nododendrina</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987</th><td>Vertical node with one or several anastomosing and prostrate plexuses</td></tr><tr><th><i>N. europaea</i> (Fischer, 1875) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>N. incomposita</i> (Mägdefrau, 1937) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>N. paleodendrica</i> (Elias, 1957) comb. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>N. nodosa</i> Vogel <i>et al.</i>, 1987 *</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pyrodendrina</i> Tapanila, 2008</th><td>Vertically tapering galleries emerging from a prostrate, ramifying cavity</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. cupra</i> Tapanila, 2008 *</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. arctica</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. belua</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. villosa</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Rhopalondendrina</i> igen. nov.</th><td>Oblique–arcuate inlet tunnel leading to semi-circular, prostrate plexus</td></tr><tr><th><i>R. avis</i> isp. nov. *</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>R. acanthina</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. contra</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P. tigris</i> isp. nov.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Antodendrina</i> igen. nov.</th><td>Distinctly widening lobes radiating from a central cavity or depression</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>A. ligula</i> isp. nov. *</th></tr></tbody></table>
Microsatellite dataset from: The fast invasion of Europe by the box tree moth: An additional example coupling multiple introduction events, bridgehead effects and admixture events.
<p>Genotypes of native and invasive populations of Cydalima perspectalis for 15 microsatellites generated for our paper "The fast invasion of Europe by the box tree moth: An additional example coupling multiple introduction events, bridgehead effects and admixture events."</p> <p>This folder contains:<br> - ReadMe file giving the following information</p> <p>- "Data_Cydalima_genotype.xlsx” containing populations information and individuals genotype for the 15 microsatellites developed by Bras et al. 2018 (Eur. J. Entomol.)</p> <p> </p> <p>This work was done in the frame of a regional project called INCA (grant from Région Centre Val de Loire).</p>
Out of the 'host' box: Extreme off-host conditions alter the infectivity and virulence of a parasitic bacterium
<p>Disease agents play an important role in the ecology and life history of wild and cultivated populations and communities. While most studies focus on the adaptation of parasites to their hosts, the adaptation of free-living parasite stages to their external (off-host) environment may tell us a lot about the factors that shape the distribution of parasites. <em>Pasteuria</em> <em>ramosa</em> is an endoparasitic bacterium of the water flea <em>Daphnia</em> with a wide geographic distribution. Its transmission stages rest outside of the host and thus experience varying environmental regimes. We examined the life history of <em>P</em>. <em>ramosa</em> populations from four environmental conditions (i.e., groups of habitats): the factorial combinations of summer-dry water bodies or not, and winter-freeze water bodies or not. Our goal was to examine how the combination of winter temperature and summer dryness affects the parasite's ability to attach to its host and to infect it. We subjected samples of the four groups of habitats to temperatures of 20, 33, 46 and 60˚C in dry and wet conditions, and exposed a susceptible clone of <em>Daphnia magna</em> to the treated spores. We found that spores that had undergone desiccation endured higher temperatures better than spores kept wet, both regarding attachment and subsequent infection. Furthermore, spores treated with heightened temperatures were much less infective and virulent. Even under high temperatures (60˚C), exposed spores from all populations were able to attach to the host cuticle, albeit they were unable to establish infection. Our work highlights the sensitivity of a host-free resting stage of a bacterial parasite to the external environment. Long heatwaves and harsh summers, which are becoming more frequent due to recent climate changes, may therefore pose a problem for parasite survival.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 2-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 2-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 2-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_2min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 1-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 1-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 1-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_1min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 10-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 10-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 10-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_10min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 3-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 3-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10:<a href="http://https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html"> https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 3-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_3min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 5-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 5-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 5-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_5min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 30-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 30-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 30-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_30min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processin</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p> <p> </p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 15-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 15-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 15-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_15min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
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