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Fig. 1 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 1. Map of Europe showing the localization of Slovakia. Map tiles by ©Stamen Design, under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 3.0) license. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL.

Fig. 30 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 30. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) luxus sp. nov., differential interference contrast. A, E. Paratype (CU-FNS-17-02-20/PA-1). B–D, F–G. Paratype (CU-FNS-17-02-20/PA-2). A. Lateral overview showing the internal morphology. B. Anterior body region. C. Head scales. D. Dorsolateral trunk scales. E. Lateral view of dorsal trunk spined scales carrying a minute lateral denticle (arrows). F. Ventral furcal scales. G. Dorsolateral oblong scales lining the furca sides. White stars in (A) and (B) mark the cerebral ganglion. Scale bars: A = 15 µm; B, E = 10 µm; C–D, F–G = 5 µm.

Fig. 19 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 19. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) optabilis sp. nov. A. Ventral overview showing the scale and ciliary pattern. B. V-shaped scales without keels. C. Bowl-shaped scales without keels. D. Detail of the ventral posterior body region. E. Internal morphology. F. Narrowly obovate keeled scale. G. Fusiform keeled scale. H. Oblong spined scale. Scale bars: A, E = 30 µm; D = 10 µm.

Fig. 23 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 23. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) avarus sp. nov. A. Dorsal overview showing the scale and spine pattern. B–C. Head scales. D. Neck dorsolateral scale. E. Lateral view of a trunk spined scale. F. Neck central scales. G. Trunk scales. H. Posterior trunk scales. I. Dorsal furca branches scales. J. Dorsal furca base scales. K. Internal morphology. L. Lateral overview. Scale bars = 30 µm.

Fig. 17 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 17. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) superbus sp. nov., differential interference contrast. A–B. Paratype (CU-FNS-22-06-20/PA). C–G. Holotype (CU-FNS-15-06-20/HO). A. Detail showing the salivary gland, pharyngeal-intestinal junction, and differentiated anterior section of the intestine. B. Detail showing the connection of transversal bands to the base of scales. C. Detail showing the anterior portion of the digestive tract. D. Head scales. E. Neck scales. F. Spines. G. Trunk spined scales. Scale bars: A–B, D‒G = 5 µm; C = 10 µm.

Fig. 21 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 21. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) optabilis sp. nov., differential interference contrast. A–B, D. Paratype (CU-FNS-05-03-20-3/PA-2). C. Holotype (CU-FNS-05-03-20-1/HO). A. Detail of the anterior body region. B. Ventral view of the head region. Asterisks mark the beginning of the ventral ciliary bands, arrows mark the cuticular structures of the hypostomium. C‒D. Details of the posterior body region, showing the ovaries and the organ X. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 27 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 27. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) avarus sp. nov., paratype (CU-FNS-26-02-20/PA-2), differential interference contrast. A. Dorsal head scales. B. Overview showing the dorsal scale and spine pattern. C. Posterior trunk scales. D. Scales in the ventral interciliary field. E. Detail of the ventral posterior region. Scale bars: A, C–D = 5 µm; B = 30 µm; E = 15 µm.

Fig. 26 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 26. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) avarus sp. nov., paratype (CU-FNS-26-02-20/PA-2), differential interference contrast. A. Anterior body region. B. Anteriorly merged ventral ciliary bands. C. Detail of the mouth region. Hypostomium bears a pentagonal cuticular plate with two central protuberances. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 16 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 16. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) superbus sp. nov., differential interference contrast. A. Holotype (CU-FNS-15-06-20/HO), lateral overview showing the scale and spine pattern. B. Paratype (CU-FNS-22-06-20/PA), optical section showing the internal morphology in lateral view. Black stars in (A) mark the epipleurae and hypopleurae. White star in (B) marks the cerebral ganglion. Arrows mark the lateral denticle of spines. Scale bars = 30 µm.

Fig. 13 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 13. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) mirabilis sp. nov., differential interference contrast. A, C, E, G. Paratype (CU-FNS-25-10-19/PA-1). B, D, F. Paratype (CU-FNS-02-10-19/PA-2). A. Internal morphology. Opposed arrowheads denote posterior pharyngeal dilatations. B. Lateral view of the anterior body region. White star marks the cerebral ganglion. C. Anterior pharyngeal dilatations (opposed arrowheads). D. A pair of cuticular teeth is situated in the center of the mouth ring. E. Ventral view of the head region. Asterisks mark the beginning of the ventral ciliary bands. F. The intestine contains highly refractive and regularly arranged structures (white double arrowheads). G. Furca with a U-shaped indentation and adhesive glands. Scale bars: A = 15 µm; B, E–G = 10 µm; C–D = 5 µm.

Fig. 25 in A huge undescribed diversity of the subgenus Hystricochaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotidae, Chaetonotus) in Central Europe

Fig. 25. Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) avarus sp. nov., paratype (CU-FNS-26-02-20/PA-2), differential interference contrast. A–B. Optical section showing the internal morphology. C. Ventral overview. Scale bars = 30 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Long-term demographic trends and spatio-temporal distribution of past human activity in Central Europe: Comparison of archaeological and palaeoecological proxies (datasets and R scripts)

<p>This digital archive is an outcome of the paper Kolář J., Macek M., Tkáč P., Novák D. & V.Abraham: Long-term demographic trends and spatio-temporal distribution of past human activity in Central Europe: Comparison of archaeological and palaeoecological proxies. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2022</p>

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Data for: Temporal variation of soil microarthropods in different forest types and regions of Central Europe

<p>Biodiversity and biomass of aboveground arthropods in Central European forests continuously declined during the last decade. However, whether belowground microarthropod communities follow similar patterns has not been investigated. In this study, we compared the abundance, diversity, community composition, stability and asynchrony of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) sampled in four forest types of increasing management intensity (unmanaged beech, old managed beech, young managed beech, and coniferous) at three-year intervals from 2008 to 2020. Forest sites were replicated in three regions in southern, central and northern Germany, i.e. the Swabian Alb, Hainich-Dün and the Schorfheide Chorin, which differ in soil characteristics and climate. We found 25,152 individuals and 121 species of oribatid mites and detected no linear decline in abundance and diversity over the last decade, suggesting that microarthropods in forest soils are buffered against land-use effects. However, we observed that years with low winter precipitation in regions with soils that are prone to drought, resulted in significant decreases in oribatid mite densities. Community compositions remained similar across sampling years, but differed between regions and forest types, predominantly due to differences in the proportion of asexual individuals. The stability of oribatid mite communities did not decrease in managed forests and was highest in deep soils with high water-holding capacity, which may reduce temporal variation, suggesting that soil properties are more important for the stability of oribatid mite communities than forest management. However, stability patterns were not explained by asynchrony in species fluctuations, as all communities either showed a high degree of synchrony or were not different from random. Our study highlights that the temporal dynamics of belowground communities may differ from those aboveground, and that regional differences in precipitation and soil properties are more important than forest types.</p>

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Figure 5 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 5. Comparison of humerus length at birth (Lbirth), asymptotic length (AL), age at which sexual maturity is reached (ASM), and onset of maturation for pachypleurosaurs with a modeled growth record. Onset of maturation within life is estimated as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and asymptotic age (ASM / AA). It is also assessed as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and age at death (ASM / AD). White = Lbirth, black = AL, blue = ASM, red = ASM / AA, and brown = ASM / AD. High within-taxon variability in traits could suggest a sexual dimorphism in size and maturation in pachypleurosaur taxa. For values of life-history traits of specimens refer to Table 2, and for ratios to Table 3.

Figure 4 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 4. Allometric comparison of different life-history traits of pachypleurosaurs and Simosaurus to extant reptiles. (a) Mass at birth vs. body mass, (b) age at which sexual maturity is reached vs. body mass, (c) longevity vs. body mass, and (d) maximum growth rates vs. body mass. In all panels black triangles mark extant reptile species, red symbols pachypleurosaurs, and black crosses the nothosaur genus Simosaurus (values taken from Klein and Griebeler, 2016). Red squares = Dactylosaurus, circles = Anarosaurus, triangles = aff. N. pusillus, triangle with cross = N. pusillus, asterisk = N. edwardsii, and diamond = Serpianosaurus. Ordinary least squares regression lines and 95 % prediction intervals are shown for extant species. Varanus niloticus (grey triangle) is highlighted because it is only somewhat larger than the pachypleurosaurs studied here. Data on body mass, mass at birth (N = 782), age at which sexual maturity is reached (N = 411), and longevity (N = 1014) of extant squamates are compiled from Scharf et al. (2015). Data on body mass and maximum growth rate of reptiles (squamates, crocodiles, and turtles, N = 66) are taken from Werner and Griebeler (2014). Masses at birth of pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) are larger than expected from the 95 % prediction interval for a similar-sized squamate, whereas pachypleurosaurs longevities and maximum growth rates (including that of Simosaurus) almost fit within the respective intervals. The majority of pachypleurosaurs reach sexual maturity earlier than expected for a similar-sized squamate. Overall, pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) have a considerably higher mass at birth and they clearly mature earlier than a similar-sized squamate.

Figure 3 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 3. Growth record and established growth models for pachypleurosaurs. The statistically best growth models are shown for each specimen. These have the highest Akaike weights (Burnham and Anderson, 2002) compared to the others which were also applicable to the growth record of the specific specimen (see Table S1). Specimens are marked by colors. Growth curves on the same specimen are marked by different line types (solid, dotted) in equal color. Parameter values of models and fitting statistics are summarized in Table S1. Neusticosaurus pusillus specimens SMNS 92125 and SMNS 50372c are from the Germanic Basin (aff. N. pusillus), and specimens PIMUZ T 4178 and PIMUZ T 4211 are from the Alpine Triassic.

Figure 2 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 2. Growth record in Dactylosaurus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Muschelkalk, early Anisian), in aff. N. pusillus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Keuper, late Ladinian) and in Neusticosaurus spp. and in Serpianosaurus from the Alpine Triassic (Anisian/Ladinian). (a) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 92125. (b) N. pusillus PIMUZ T 4211. (c) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 50372c. (d) Dactylosaurus MB.R.786. (e) Dactylosaurus MB.R. 776.2. (f) N. edwardsii PIMUZ T4758. (g) Serpianosaurus PIMUZ T 4510. (h) Wijk 09-472. Abbreviations: sc, subcycles; sm, sexual maturity. Panels (a, b, d, e) are in normal light, (c, h) are in polarized light, and (f, g) are in polarized light with gypsum filter (lambda). Scale bar is 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 1. Details of medulla, bone tissue, and vascularization of Dactylosaurus from the early Anisian (Lower Muschelkalk; Germanic Basin) and aff. N. pusillus from the late Ladinian (Lower Keuper; Germanic Basin). (a) Medullary region distally to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 801.2. consisting of small round erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and embedded in a matrix of calcified cartilage. The medullary region is surrounded by a sharp line (arrow). (b) Medullary region closer to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 771.5 displaying a small free cavity, a few small erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and calcified cartilage at the border to the periosteal region all encompassed by a sharp line (arrow). Around the medullary cavity slow-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue is visible. (c) The medullary region and inner cortex in aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372b is nearly completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by the sharp line (arrow), although the sample was taken nearly at the midshaft. Scattered longitudinal primary osteons occur in this sample. (d) Cross section of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 58025a which shows an irregular medullary region and remodeling in form of erosion cavities scattered into the periosteal bone. (e) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372c. The medullary region consists of few small erosion cavities and endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of fast-deposited hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. (f) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 92125. The medullary region consists of a small cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone, which are encompassed by a sharp line and calcified cartilage. The innermost cortex is made of a slow-deposited hatchling bone tissue. (g) Cross section of N. pusillus humerus PIMUZ T 3975. The medullary region is completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by some erosion cavities. (h) Medullary region and inner cortex at midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 776.2 showing a free cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone. On the right side are remains of preserved fast-deposited (i.e., less organized) hatchling bone tissue. On the right side, the layer of horizontally oriented fine fibers is visible (arrow). (i) Medullary region and inner cortex in Anarosaurus humerus Wijk 13-194. The relatively large, free medullary cavity is surrounded by a thin, and in this sample incomplete, layer of endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of a fast-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. A second annulus is clearly visible in the lower part of the picture. Distance between annuli changes considerably towards the preaxial bone side (arrows mark spilt). Abbreviations: cc, calcified cartilage; eb, endosteal bone; ec, erosion cavity; htb, hatchling bone tissue; ffho, fine fibers horizontally oriented; mc, medullary cavity; mr, medullary region; po, primary osteon. All pictures are in polarized light. Scale bar is 0.5 mm if not labeled otherwise.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2009View details →

Fig. 1 in Recent Range Expansion Of Pomatias Rivulare (Eichwald, 1829) (Mollusca: Pomatiidae) In Central-Eastern Europe

Fig. 1. Distribution area of Pomatias rivulare according to SCHÜTT (2001), LIKHAREV and RAM- MELMEIER (1952), DAMJANOV and LIKHAREV (1975), GROSSU (1986) and ŠTAMOL and JOVANO- VIĆ (1990). Filled squares indicate sampling sites of examined material, empty squares indicate subfossil occurrences in the Pannonian region according to BERTALAN et al. (1995), arrows indicate