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Fig. 5 in Hyphessobrycon brumado: a new characid fish (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) from the upper rio de Contas drainage, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

Fig. 5. Portion of northeastern Brazil, showing position of type locality of Hyphessobrycon brumado (black dot), rio Brumado, rio de Contas drainage.

Fig. 1 in Hyphessobrycon brumado: a new characid fish (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) from the upper rio de Contas drainage, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

Fig. 1. Hyphessobrycon brumado, holotype, male, MZUSP 101246, 30.7 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Rio de Contas Municipality, rio Brumado, at Ponte do Coronel, rio de Contas drainage.

Fig. 6 in Hyphessobrycon brumado: a new characid fish (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) from the upper rio de Contas drainage, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

Fig. 6. Type locality of Hyphessobrycon brumado, Brazil, Bahia, Rio de Contas Municipality, rio de Contas drainage, rio Brumado, at Ponte do Coronel.

Fig. 4 in Hyphessobrycon brumado: a new characid fish (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) from the upper rio de Contas drainage, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

Fig. 4. Hyphessobrycon brumado, paratype, UFBA 4341, 26.0 mm SL; scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing left premaxillary (top) and dentary teeth (bottom) in mesial view. Scale bar = 100 µm. Maxilla without teeth in this specimen.

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Fig. 4 in Hasemania piatan, a new characid species (Characiformes: Characidae) from headwaters of rio de Contas, Bahia, Brazil

Fig. 4. Rio de Contas basin, Bahia, northeastern Brazil, showing collection locality of Hasemania piatan (square = two close localities).

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Fig. 2 in Hasemania piatan, a new characid species (Characiformes: Characidae) from headwaters of rio de Contas, Bahia, Brazil

Fig. 2. Hasemania piatan, freshly preserved paratype showing living color pattern, UFBA 4299, 37.5 mm SL; Brazil, Bahia, Piatã, riacho Três Morros, tributary of rio de Contas drainage.

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Fig. 1 in Hasemania piatan, a new characid species (Characiformes: Characidae) from headwaters of rio de Contas, Bahia, Brazil

Fig. 1. Hasemania piatan, holotype, MZUSP 104538, 54.0 mm SL; Brazil, Bahia, Piatã, riacho Três Morros, tributary of rio de Contas drainage.

Fig. 8 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 8. Oblique section through the gill gland on the first right gill arch of a mature male Macropsobrycon uruguayanae examined by transmission electron microscopy, showing columnar cells (cc) with nucleus (n) near the base of the cell and cytoplasm filled with electron-lucent vesicles between the reduced gill secondary lamellae (sl). In B, note that some vesicles contain more electron-dense material. A, magnification: 1290x. B, magnification: 4135x.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 1. Monthly distribution of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of males (A) and females (B) of Macropsobrycon uruguayanae. IGS means (triangles) were calculated based only in adult specimens (circles), excluding immature specimens (squares). There were no males collected in August, October, December, and January. A single adult male was captured in November.

Fig. 2 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 2. Relative frequency of males (A) and females (B) of Macropsobrycon uruguayanae with mature gonads (dark bars) and gonads in advanced stages of maturation (white bars).

Fig. 4 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 4. Total counts of vitellogenic oocytes versus body weight (g) of thirteen mature females of Macropsobrycon uruguayanae.

Fig. 7 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 7. Light micrographs of sections through gill glands of two mature male Macropsobrycon uruguayanae; A, C, D, MCP 11939, 28.2 mm SL, glycol methacrylate, toluidine blue; B, MCP 18588, 39.0 mm SL, paraffin, modified Masson's trichrome. A, sagittal section showing gill gland of first gill arch formed from at least 23 modified gill filaments that are fused and covered distally by epithelial tissue (arrowheads) thus forming enclosed chambers (lumen, asterisks); anterior is to the left; unmodified gill filaments (ug) are seem at the posterior region of the gill arch; gill rakers (gr). B, frontal section through ventral region of first gill arch showing a gill gland made up of at least 24 modified gill filaments; each chamber (lumen, asterisk) that is covered distally by epithelial tissue (arrowheads) over most of the surface of the gland eventually opens (o) into the gill chamber ventrally. Note that the gill gland is only formed on the distal side of the first gill arch, unmodified gill filaments (ug) are seen medially. C, higher magnification of the gill gland in "A" showing columnar cells (c) between reduced secondary lamellae; epithelial cover (arrowhead) of gill chambers (lumen, asterisk); artifact space (a). D, higher magnification of "C" showing columnar cells (c) with basal nuclei and granular apical cytoplasm in between greatly shortened secondary lamellae (arrow); artifact spaces (a) due to shrinkage during tissue preparation actually help demonstrate the integrity of the reduced secondary lamellae; gill gland chamber lumen (asterisk).

Fig. 3 in Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)

Fig. 3. Ovaries and testis. Sagital sections (3mm), stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). A, ovary of a maturing female with previtelogenic oocytes containing spermatozoa (arrows) in the lúmen (specimen collected in July 2001; 27.8 mm SL; IGS=0.89). Magnification: 10x10. B, ovary of a mature female containing spermatozoa in the lúmen (arrows) (specimen collected in September 2001; 28.9 mm SL; IGS=4.87). C, testis showing initial phases of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa. D, testis containing spermatozoa. B, C, D magnification: 40x10.

Fig. 6 in A redescription of Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish from the rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil

Fig. 6. Map of Southern Brazil and adjoining countries showing the geographic distribution of Astyanax gymnodontus in the rio Iguaçu basin (rectangle in focus). Bold lines are national borders. Squares = examined material; triangles = distribution showed by Severi & Cordeiro (1994); and dot = type-locality of Psalidodon gymnodontus. Some symbols represent more than one lot or locality.

Fig. 3 in A redescription of Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish from the rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil

Fig. 3. Plots of scores obtained by canonical discriminant analysis of all measurements from the three morphotypes.

Fig. 5 in A redescription of Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish from the rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil

Fig. 5. Some examples of dental and lip polymorphisms displayed by Astyanax gymnodontus, with the number of the lot (all of NUP collection), SL in mm, and the number of premaxillary teeth in the outer row, on the left and right sides (in parentheses). Left column, well-developed lips: (a) 1583, 65.2 (0-0), (b) 4062, 97.1 (1-0), (c) 1653, 64.2 (1-1), (d) 618, 128.5 (1-3), (e) 3766, 97.5, (2-1), (f) 1643, 105.4 (2-3), (g) 3686, 92.2 (4-3), (h) 2719, 99.9 (4-4); middle column, ill-developed lips: (i) 2297, 53.8 (0-1), (j) 1582, 93.2 (0-2), (k) 1582, 85,2 (0-3), (l) 4348, 80.1 (1-1), (m) 2050, 66.2 (1-2), (n) 1579, 72.0 (1-3), (o) 1643, 99.0 (3-3), (p) 635, 65.4 (3-4); right column, lacking lips: (q) 1583, 99.9 (0-0), (r) 3766, 100.2 (1-0), (s) 1583, 98.0 (2-0), (t) 1579, 75.1 (3-0), (u) 3707, 68.0 (1-1), (v) 3037, 97.4 (2-2), (w) 1583, 80.4 (4-4).

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Fig. 7 in Dermal lip protuberances associated with aquatic surface respiration in juveniles of the piscivorous characid Salminus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Characidae)

Fig. 7. Relative position of the mouth corner in the water column during ASR in an individual of S. brasiliensis with typical lip (a) and another with lip protuberances (b). The drawing represents individuals with smaller mouth opening than those of Fig. 1, so that lateral lobes of the protuberance come in contact to cover the sides of the mouth.

Fig. 2 in A redescription of Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish from the rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil

Fig. 2. Plots of scores obtained by principal components analysis of all measurements from the three morphotypes.

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Fig. 6 in Dermal lip protuberances associated with aquatic surface respiration in juveniles of the piscivorous characid Salminus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Characidae)

Fig. 6. Relationship between MLW (maximum lip width) and water dissolved oxygen. Values of lip size are expressed as proportions of standard length of the body.

Fig. 1 in A redescription of Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish from the rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil

Fig. 1. Landmarks (letters) determined for delimiting trusses, and measurements (numbers) between them (adapted from Fowler, 1948). Descriptions of measurements are provided in Table 1.