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880 results for “competency”
To disperse or compete? Coevolution of traits leads to a limited number of reproductive strategies
<p><span><span>Reproductive strategies are defined by a combination of behavioural, morphological, and life-history traits. Reproductive investment and offspring propagule size are two key traits defining reproductive strategies. While a substantial amount of work has been devoted to understanding the independent fitness effects of each of these traits, it remains unclear how coevolution between them ultimately affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, and how this might influence the relationship between dispersal and environmental factors. In this study, we explore how the evolution of reproductive strategies defined by these two coevolving traits is influenced by resource availability and spatial structuring of the environment using a simulation model. We find three possible equilibrium strategies across all scenarios: a competitor strategy with high reproductive investment (producing large propagules which disperse short distances), and two coloniser strategies differing in reproductive investment (both producing small propagules which disperse long distances). The possible equilibrium strategies for each scenario depended on starting conditions, spatial structure and resource availability. Evolutionary transitions between these equilibrium strategies were more likely in heterogeneous than homogeneous landscapes and at higher resource levels. Transition from coloniser strategy to competitor strategy was usually a two-step process, with changes in propagule size following initial evolution in investment. This highlights how the interaction between the two trait axes affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, particularly where fitness valleys preclude the simultaneous evolution of traits. Our results highlight the need to incorporate trait coevolution into evolutionary models to help develop a more integrative understanding of the structure of natural populations and how the interaction between traits constrains or hinders evolutionary processes.</span></span></p>
Public dataset about students' leadership competence
<p>Public dataset about students' leadership competence. The evidence consists of the activities and responsibilities of shared leadership. 40 work teams and 237 students participated in this research work. The subject in which the experience was carried out was “Fundamentals of Programming” in the first year and first semester of the Biotechnology degree at the Technical University of Madrid. The data was collected during the 2019-2020 academic year (pre-Covid-19 Pandemic); 15 teams and 90 students participated face-to-face (37.11% male and 62.89% female). In the 2020-2021 academic year (Covid-19 Pandemic), 12 teams and 70 students participated online (34.78% male and 65.22% female). During the 2021-2022 academic year (post-Covid-19 Pandemic), 13 teams and 77 students participated in person (41.03% male and 58.97% female). All the research was carried out in compliance with the standards defined by the Ethical Committee of the Technical University of Madrid.</p>
Mapping Catalyst–Solvent Interplay in Competing Carboamination/Cyclopropanation Reactions
<p>Selectivity and activity maps can be used to predict and rationalize reaction outcomes based on catalyst and solvent choice. Here, there utility is demonstrated by examining competing carboamination/cyclopropanation reactions catalyzed by Group 9 catalysts featuring cyclopentadienyl ligands, which reveals an interesting energetic interplay involving the role of the solvent and of the catalyst.</p>
DATASET: Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP
<p>Complete data set to support content of the study: Cui, et al (2022) <strong>Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP</strong></p>
Northern Yellowstone Elk survival and competing risks
<p>Prey vulnerability to predation can vary by life history stage, and prey population stage structure determines the strength a predator species wields on their community. Prey population stage structure can vary over time, yet little is known about how temporal change in prey stage structure influences predator-prey interactions. We used data of wolves hunting adult female elk in Yellowstone National Park to demonstrate that stage-selective wolf predation of old individuals (>11 years old) was more additive than wolf predation of young individuals (2–11 years old). Additive predation of older elk coupled with an aging female elk population increased the strength of wolf predation over time. When vulnerable prey comprise an increasing proportion of a population, their early demise may decrease population growth. Accounting for temporal variation in predation risk across a prey population is therefore critical to understanding the community-level consequences of predator-prey interactions.</p>
Quantitative research - green organizations and green competencies - Miniatura 5 funded by the National Science Centre in Poland 2021/05/X/HS4/00974
<p>The questionnaire consisted of a general section meant to identify the type of the company, the region of its activity and the average number of employees together with with details of the respondent’s job position. The purpose of the second part of the questionnaire was to define the variables that make it possible to describe the company. These included the following ten: 1) sustainable<br> manufacturing; 2) green human resource management; 3) knowledge and awareness of ecology and sustainability; 4) environmental management; 5) green marketing; 6) environmentally friendly product design; 7) green supply chains; 8) closed-loop waste management; 9) zero waste buildings; 10) minimising the use of resources, including energy. Subsequently, based on the literature devoted to green competences, the questions were divided into four categories: knowledge, skills, attitudes and performance-related managerial skills. A total of 80 concepts were defined that were then assigned to separate categories and evaluated by respondents.<br> 100 manufacturing companies were surveyed (quantitative research). </p> <p>The research was funded by the National Science Centre in Poland 2021/05/X/HS4/00974</p>
Temperature affects predation of schistosome-competent snails by a novel invader, the marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis
<p><span>The human burden of environmentally transmitted infectious diseases can depend strongly on ecological factors, including the presence or absence of natural enemies. The marbled crayfish (<em>Procambarus</em> <em>virginalis</em>) is a novel invasive species that can tolerate a wide range of ecological conditions and colonize diverse habitats. Marbled crayfish first appeared in Madagascar in 2005 and quickly spread across the country, overlapping with the distribution of freshwater snails that serve as the intermediate host of schistosomiasis–a parasitic disease of poverty with human prevalence ranging up to 94% in Madagascar. It has been hypothesized that the marbled crayfish may serve as a predator of schistosome-competent snails in areas where native predators cannot and yet no systematic study to date has been conducted to estimate its predation rate on snails. Here, we experimentally assessed marbled crayfish consumption of uninfected and infected schistosome-competent snails (<em>Biomphalaria</em> <em>glabrata</em> and <em>Bulinus</em> <em>truncatus</em>) across a range of temperatures, reflective of the habitat range of the marbled crayfish in Madagascar. We found that the relationship between crayfish consumption and temperature is unimodal with a peak at ~27.5°C. Per-capita consumption increased with body size and was not affected either by snail species or their infectious status. We detected a possible satiation effect, i.e., a small but significant reduction in per-capita consumption rate over the 72-hour duration of the predation experiment. Our results suggest that ecological parameters, such as temperature and crayfish weight, influence rates of consumption and, in turn, the potential impact of the marbled crayfish invasion on snail host populations. </span></p>
Data for: Wall fracturing versus mechanical instability as competing intrusion mechanisms of dikes: Insights from laboratory experiments
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Northern Yellowstone Elk survival and competing risks
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To disperse or compete? Coevolution of traits leads to a limited number of reproductive strategies
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Dataset for paper titled: Conceptual preferences can be transmitted via selective social information use between competing wild bird species
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The oxidative cost of competing for egg fertilization exceeds the cost of egg production
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Data from: Transinfection of Wolbachia wAlbB into Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes does not alter vector competence for Hawaiian avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum GRW4)
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Temperature affects predation of schistosome-competent snails by a novel invader, the marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis
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Data from: Nerve-dependent regulation of H3K27me3 during the induction of patterning competency in regenerating axolotl limb cells
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NCI Semantic Competency Query Review
<p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>NCI held a Workshop on Semantics to support the NCI Cancer Research Data Commons (CRDC) in May 2018 at the National Cancer Institute in Rockville, MD. This workshop brought together experts in various areas of semantics, data integration and harmonization, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and other relevant areas to discuss and gather recommendations on semantic support for the CRDC.</p> <p>The workshop goals were to:<br> 1) Identify high-level requirements to address semantic needs and potential approaches for evaluation testing of the Cancer Data Aggregator (CDA)</p> <p>2) A set of options for using and/or extending current methods and resources (e.g. NLP) to</p> <ul> <li> <p>support semantic query capabilities</p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>facilitate metadata annotation</p> </li> <li> <p>minimize efforts for data validation and submission</p> </li> </ul> <p>3) Develop recommendations to support ongoing engagement with the community to ensure the semantics underlying the CDA improve and evolve as people contribute to and use the CDA</p> <p><strong>Participants</strong></p> <p>In total, 33 participants attended the meeting, coming from various backgrounds including clinicians, ontologists, bioinformaticians, data scientists, and project managers. Participants had expertise in semantic technologies, software and infrastructure development, data standards, data integration, clinical research, open source tool development. </p> <p><strong>Competency Queries</strong></p> <p>At the workshop, participants were asked to brainstorm ‘competency queries’, potential queries or questions that they would ask the future Cancer Data Aggregator (CDA) in order to retrieve data from across the CRDC. At the workshop, the breakout groups documented 237 queries for the CDA. </p> <p>Competency queries are often used to inform requirements to build a data model and/or ontology. They can help inform the scope of the model:what queries should the model support; 2) the content of the model, in terms of what types of entity types and attributes are needed to answer these queries; 3) the structure of the model in terms of what types of relationships between entities are needed to efficiently answer queries; 4) the semantics of the data, meaning which terminologies/ontologies would be useful for representing data to support query needs; 5) how to test and improve a completed model to ensure it can efficiently support queries determined to be in scope.</p> <p>After the workshop, a small subgroup assessed, organized and summarized the 237 queries that were noted at the workshop. A spreadsheet was created containing the queries and the keywords in each query were highlighted. From the highlighted keywords, a column was added to capture the core search parameters or classifications for each query. In evaluating the queries it was observed that some were really not a query, but expressed various observations about the data that one might hope to make. For example “Patients with a certain temporal pattern of diagnoses, both cancer and comorbidities”. This submission indicates that the data returned would need to include diagnosis and other conditions and can help to inform the requirements for CRDC data models. </p> <p>Using the information from the keyword analysis, the queries were initially categorized across various classifications, such as queries that included exposure information, diagnosis or cancer types, anatomical location of tumor, etc. In total, the queries were classified amongst 25 different parameters, or an ‘other’ category, where the query did not fit the classification scheme, or was out of scope. To further refine this list into a more manageable list, 82 representative queries were pulled out, with at least 2 examples from every classification parameter. The goal was to identify a minimal or at least smaller subset that was still representative. This list of 82 queries was then reviewed with a larger group of experts and further refined. Additional classification parameters were added, for a total of 31 parameters and an ‘other’ category. Some classifications were subdivided into more granular classifications, such as treatment was subdivided into surgery/radiation and protocols/regimens.</p> <p>In classifying each query, the exact words from each query that fit the classification scheme were noted. For example, consider the query, “What environmental exposures are typically associated with the development of salivary gland cancer?”; this query is classified as an exposure (environmental exposure), a diagnosis or specific cancer type (salivary gland cancer), and a tumor location (salivary gland). </p> <p>For a central query to be effective, we felt that the use of preferred terms for each classification parameter would be useful, so each was mapped to a relevant terminology or ontology. For example, exposure data is represented in the Environmental and Exposures Ontology (ECTO), as well as NCIt. The Uber Anatomy Ontology (Uberon) contains classifications of anatomical structures, which can be used to classify tumor locations. Many of the parameters covered by specialized terminologies are also covered by the NCIt. In some cases, the parameters were covered by multiple ontologies. At some point a preferred terminology will need to be selected for each parameter, perhaps informed by an assessment of what is being used in the CRDC data. It is likely that all terminologies and ontologies will need to be extended to cover all the terminology needed. Mappings between these terminologies and those used in the CRDC data will need to be developed. </p> <p>Finally, categories were prioritized based on how relevant and feasible they were for the CRDC as either high priority, nice to have or low priority.</p>
Swimming and defense - competing needs across ontogeny in armored fishes (Agonidae)
<p>Biological armors are potent model systems for understanding the complex series of competing demands on protective exoskeletons; after all, armored organisms are the product of millions of years of refined engineering under the harshest conditions. Fishes are no strangers to armor, with various types of armor plating common to the 400 million years of evolution in both jawed and jawless fishes. Here we focus on the poachers (Agonidae), a family of armored fishes native to temperate waters of the Pacific rim. We examined armor morphology, body stiffness, and swimming performance in the Northern Spearnose Poacher (<i>Agonopsis vulsa</i>) over ontogeny. As juveniles, these fishes make frequent nocturnal forays into the water column in search of food, while heavily armored adults are bound to the benthos. Most armor dimensions and density increase with body length, as does body stiffness. Juvenile poachers have enlarged spines on their armor whereas adults invest more mineral in armor plate bases. Adults are stiffer and accelerate faster than juveniles with an anguilliform swimming mode. Subadults more closely approximate adults more than smaller juveniles, with regards to both swimming and armor mechanics. Poacher armor serves multiple functions over ontogeny, from facilitating locomotion, slowing sinking, and providing defense.</p>
Data from: The importance of functional responses among competing predators for avian nesting success
1. The relationship between the rate of predation and prey abundance is an important component of predator-prey dynamics. However, functional responses are less straightforward when multiple predators compete for shared prey. Interactions among competing predators can reduce or enhance effects of predation on prey populations. Because many avian populations experience high rates of nest predation, understanding the role of specific predators on nest mortality will lead to more informed conservation and management strategies which attempt to increase productivity by removing certain predators or managing habitat to limit their impact. 2. Our goal was to evaluate effects of specific predators and the influence of nest abundance on nest mortality. 3. We monitored snowy plover Charadrius nivosus nests across 7 years at two study areas in Utah, USA with remote cameras. We modeled predator-specific hazard rates for nest mortality in a Bayesian framework to assess relationships between competing predators and the role of nest abundance on predator-specific hazard rates. 4. We found that hazard rates for nest mortality by gulls Larus spp. decreased with increasing nest abundance, whereas nest mortality by foxes Vulpes spp. and ravens Corvus corax initially increased, indicating that dietary switching may occur when nests become more abundant. Nest mortalities of specific predators were often not independent and ranged between compensatory (e.g., mammalian mesopredators), and superadditive (e.g., avian predators) across the breeding season. 5. The non-independence between nest mortalities suggests that reductions in some predators may not translate to additive increases in overall nest success. Analyses of cause-specific mortality are rarely applied to avian nests, but examination of interacting impacts among competing predators on nest survival may provide insight into specific drivers of avian population dynamics.
Data from: Species decline under nitrogen fertilization increases community-level competence of fungal diseases
The artificial fertilization of soils can alter the structure of natural plant communities and exacerbate pathogen emergence and transmission. Although the direct effects of fertilization on disease resistance in plants have received some research attention, its indirect effects of altered community structure on the severity of fungal disease infection remain largely uninvestigated. We designed manipulation experiments in natural assemblages of Tibetan alpine meadow vegetation along a nitrogen-fertilization gradient over 5 years to compare the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of fertilization on foliar fungal infections at the community level. We found that species with lower proneness to pathogens were more likely to be extirpated following fertilization, such that community-level competence of disease, and thus community pathogen load, increased with the intensity of fertilization. The amount of nitrogen added (direct effect) and community disease competence (indirect effect) provided the most parsimonious combination of parameters explaining the variation in disease severity. Our experiment provides a mechanistic explanation for the dilution effect in fertilized, natural assemblages in a highly specific pathogen–host system, and thus insights into the consequences of human ecosystem modifications on the dynamics of infectious diseases.
Replication Code in R for "Do Insurers Compete on the Federal Heath Insurance Exchange
<p>R code for univariate and multivariate analyses to model premiums based on the number of insurers in geographic rating areas.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.