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Figure 1 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 1. (A) Geographical position of Permian–Triassic boundary sections in the Transcaucasus and in NW Iran (after Arakelyan et al., 1965); sections investigated in this study are highlighted. (B) Palaeogeographic position of the Julfa area (after Stampfli and Borel, 2002).

Figure 3. Ali Bashi 4 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 3. Ali Bashi 4 section and columnar sections of the entire Changhsingian in Ali Bashi 4, Ali Bashi 1 and Ali Bashi M sections with their conodont zonation.

Figure 6 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 6. Characteristic Changhsingian conodonts from the Julfa region (scale bars equal to 100 µm); all specimens stored in the collection of the Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. (A) Clarkina orientalis (Barskov and Koroleva, 1970); FUM#1J192.1; upper Julfa beds (Vedioceras beds), Ali Bashi 1 section. (B) Clarkina subcarinata Sweet, 1973; FUM#4J142.8; Zal Member (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi 4 section. (C) Clarkina changxingensis Wang and Wang, 1981; FUM#4J153.1; Zal Member (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi 4 section. (D) Clarkina bachmanni Kozur, 2004; FUM#AJ185.23; Paratirolites Limestone (Ali Bashi Formation), Aras Valley section. (E) Clarkina nodosa Kozur, 2004; FUM#G249.16; Paratirolites Limestone (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi M section. (F) Clarkina yini Mei, 1998; FUM#AJ192.4; Paratirolites Limestone (Ali Bashi Formation), Aras Valley section. (G) Clarkina abadehensis Kozur, 2004; FUM#1J248.9; Paratirolites Limestone (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi 1 section. (H) Clarkina hauschkei Kozur, 2004, FUM#1J249D.9; Paratirolites Limestone (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi 1 section. (I) Hindeodus eurypyge Nicoll, Metcalfe and Wang, 2002, FUM#1J255.7 (cusp broken); Zal Member (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi 1 section. (J) Hindeodus typicalis Sweet, 1970, FUM#G233.5; Paratirolites Limestone (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi M section. (K) Hindeodus typicalis Sweet, 1970, FUM#4J200.56; Paratirolites Limestone (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi 4 section. (L) Hindeodus julfensis Sweet, 1973, FUM#1J198.4; Zal Member (Ali Bashi Formation), Ali Bashi 4 section. (M) Hindeodus praeparvus Kozur, 1996, FUM#G274.6 (cusp broken); Aras Member (Elikah Formation), Ali Bashi M section. (N) Hindeodus changxingensis Wang, 1995, FUM#4J201.6 (cusp broken); Aras Member (Elikah Formation), Ali Bashi 4 section. (O) Merrillina ultima Kozur, 2004, FUM#AJ204.13; Aras Member (Elikah Formation), Aras Valley section. (P) Hindeodus parvus Kozur and Pjatakova, 1976, FUM#4J213.1; Elikah Formation; Ali Bashi 4 section.

Figure 5 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 5. The correlation of the conodont schemes by Kozur (2005, 2007), Shen and Mei (2010) and own results with the ammonoid stratigraphy by Shevyrev (1965) and own results.

Figure 7 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 7. Characteristic Changhsingian ammonoids from the Julfa region (scale bars equal to 5 mm); all specimens stored in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. (A) Phisonites triangulus Shevyrev, 1965 from the Aras Valley section, specimen MB.C.22703; × 1.0. (B) Iranites transcaucasius (Shevyrev, 1965) from the Aras Valley section, specimen MB.C.22704; × 1.0. (C) Dzhulfites nodosus Shevyrev, 1965 from the Aras Valley section, specimen MB.C.22705; × 1.0. (D) Shevyrevites nodosus Shevyrev, 1965 from the Aras Valley section, specimen MB.C.22706; × 1.0. (E) Paratirolites trapezoidalis Shevyrev, 1965 from the Ali Bashi 4 section, specimen MB.C.22707; × 0.75. (F) Stoyanowites dieneri (Stoyanow, 1910) from the Aras Valley section, specimen MB.C.22708; × 1.0. (G) Paratirolites vediensis Shevyrev, 1965 from the Ali Bashi N section, specimen MB.C.22709; × 0.75. (H) Abichites stoyanowi (Kiparisova, 1947) from the Ali Bashi N section, specimen MB.C.22710; × 1.25. (I) Arasella minuta (Zakharov, 1983) from the Ali Bashi N section, specimen MB.C.22711; × 1.25.

Fig. 27 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 27 Hadrodontinae from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to beP1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, Hadrodontina aequabilis (S2 element) (Staesche); SHA344, PIMUZ 39141. B–E, Hadrodontina aequabilis (P2 element) (Staesche); B LAR214, PIMUZ 39142; C QIA13, PIMUZ 39143; D LIL500, PIMUZ 39144, E SHA344, PIMUZ 39145. F–M Hadrodontina aequabilis (Staesche); F LIL502, PIMUZ 39146; G LIL503, PIMUZ 39147; H QIA134, PIMUZ 39148; I QIA134, PIMUZ 39149; J QIA 133, PIMUZ 39150; K LIL502, PIMUZ 39151; L LIL501, PIMUZ 39152; M LIL501, PIMUZ 39153

Fig. 25 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 25 Novispathodinae from Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A–F, Icriospathodus zaksi (Buryi); A LAR205, PIMUZ 39170; B LIL508, PIMUZ 39171; C LIL508, PIMUZ 39172; D LAR204, PIMUZ 39173; E LIL510, PIMUZ 39174; F LAR203, PIMUZ 39175. G–L Icriospathodus aff. crassatus (Orchard); G LIL510, PIMUZ 39159; H LIL508, PIMUZ 39160; I LAR203, PIMUZ 39161; J LIL509, PIMUZ 39162; K LAR202, PIMUZ 39163; L LAR210, PIMUZ 39164. M, O, P Icriospathodus collinsoni (Solien); M SHA313, PIMUZ 39165; O SHA320, PIMUZ 39166; P LIL515A, PIMUZ 39167. N Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); SHA320, PIMUZ 39319

Fig. 24 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 24 Novispathodinae and uncertain from Qiakong, Laren,Shanggang, and Lilong. Magnification is ×80.The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, D, G, H Triassospathodus homeri (Bender);A LIL515C,PIMUZ 39313; D QIA155, PIMUZ 39314;G LIL513B, PIMUZ 39315; H LIL515B, PIMUZ 39316. B, E, F Triassospathodus aff. symmetricus (Orchard);B QIA138, PIMUZ 39306; E LIL505,PIMUZ 39307; F QIA136, PIMUZ 39308. C, I–Q Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); C QIA140,PIMUZ 39326; I SHA313, PIMUZ 39327;J QIA143, PIMUZ 39328; K QIA144, PIMUZ 39329;L QIA141, PIMUZ 39330; M LIL515D, PIMUZ 39331; N LIL509, PIMUZ 39332; O LIL513B,PIMUZ 39333; P LIL513B,PIMUZ 39334;Q LIL513A, PIMUZ 39335.R–T Aduncodina unicosta (Ding); R BAN5, PIMUZ 39100;S SHA320,PIMUZ 39101; T SHA318,PIMUZ 39102

Fig. 23 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 23 Novispathodinae from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, B, D, E, H, I, Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); A, LIL509, PIMUZ 39320; B, LIL509, PIMUZ 39321; D, QIA202, PIMUZ 39322; E, LIL509, PIMUZ 39323; H, LIL509, PIMUZ 39324; I, BAN2, PIMUZ 39325. C, F, G, Triassospathodus homeri (Bender); C, LAR231C, PIMUZ 39310; F, QIA155, PIMUZ 39311; G, SHA318, PIMUZ 39312

Fig. 22 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 22 Novispathodinae from Laren and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, D Icriospathodus cf. crassatus? (Orchard); A BAN1, PIMUZ 39168; D LIL513A, PIMUZ 39169. B, E Novispathodus brevissimus (Orchard); B LIL513B, PIMUZ 39194; E LIL514A, PIMUZ SQL55056. C, F Novispathodus cf, brevissimus (Orchard); C LIL513A, PIMUZ 39196; F, LIL514A, PIMUZ 39198

Fig. 21 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 21 Novispathodinae from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A–J, L, M, Novispathodus brevissimus (Orchard); A LIL515A, PIMUZ 39184; B LIL513A, PIMUZ 39185; C BAN2, PIMUZ 39186; D SHA312, PIMUZ 39187; E SHA313, PIMUZ 39188; F LIL515A, PIMUZ 39189; G LIL509, PIMUZ 39190; H LIL509, PIMUZ 39191; I LIL514B, PIMUZ 39192; J LIL509, PIMUZ 39193; L QIA141, PIMUZ 39195; M QIA144, PIMUZ 39197. K, Novispathodus clinatus (Orchard and Sweet in Orchard); BAN5, PIMUZ 39207

Fig. 28 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 28 Hadrodontinae from Shanggang. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, C, E Hadrodontina aequabilis (Staesche); A SHA 345C, PIMUZ 39154; C SHA345C, PIMUZ 39155; E SHA344C, PIMUZ 39156. B, D Hadrodontina aequabilis (P2 element) (Staesche); B SHA345C, PIMUZ 39157; D SHA345C, PIMUZ 39158

Fig. 19 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 19 Novispathodinae from Qiakong, Laren and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A Novispathodus cf. brevissimus (Orchard); LIL515C, PIMUZ 39199. B, F Novispathodus brevissimus (Orchard); B LIL515B, PIMUZ 39200; F BAN1, PIMUZ 39201. C Triassospathodus homeri (Bender); LIL515D, PIMUZ 39317. D, H Novispathodus?brevissimus (Orchard); D LIL515D, PIMUZ 39202; H LIL514A, PIMUZ 39203. E Triassospathodus cf. homeri (Bender); LIL515C, PIMUZ 39318. G, K, O–Q Novispathodus n. sp. A; G LIL504, PIMUZ 39251; K LIL504, PIMUZ 39252; O LIL505, PIMUZ 39253; P LIL505, PIMUZ 39254; Q LIL505, PIMUZ 39255. I, L, M, Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); I QIA141, PIMUZ 39336; L LIL512, PIMUZ 39337; M LIL514A, PIMUZ 39338. J Novispathodus ex gr. pingdingshanensis (Zhao & Orchard); QIA138, PIMUZ 39237. N Triassospathodus cf. symmetricus; LIL514B, PIMUZ 39339. R Novispathodus praebrevissimus n.sp; LIL505, PIMUZ 39289

Fig. 15 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 15 Neogondolellinae and Mullerinae from Qiakong, Laren and Shanggang. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, D Neospathodus bevelledi n. sp.; A SHA333, PIMUZ 39176; D, SHA332, PIMUZ 39177. B, J Discretella aff. discreta (MÜller); B SHA304, PIMUZ 39104; J SHA334, PIMUZ 39105. C, L Discretella discreta (MÜller); C SHA334, PIMUZ 39107; L SHA332, PIMUZ 39108. E Guangxidella bransoni (MÜller); SHA304, PIMUZ 39139. F, H, K, M, P Discretella pseudodieneri n. sp.; F QIA124, PIMUZ 39120; H QIA124, PIMUZ SQL54990; K QIA121, PIMUZ 39121; M QIA120, PIMUZ 39122; P LAR232, PIMUZ 39123. G Discretella cf. discreta (MÜller); QIA120, PIMUZ 39109. I sp. indet.; QIA120, PIMUZ 39294. N Discretella? n. sp. B; LAR232, PIMUZ 39112. O Discretella? n. sp. C; SHA342, PIMUZ 39114

Fig. 14 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 14 Neogondolellinae, Novispathodinae and uncertain from Shanggang. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, Eurygnathodus costatus (Staesche); SHA325, PIMUZ 39130. B Eurygnathodus hamadai (Koike); SHA326, PIMUZ 39131. C, D, F, G Novispathodus ex gr. waageni (Sweet); C SHA328, PIMUZ 39238; D SHA328, PIMUZ 39239; F SHA325, PIMUZ 39240; G SHA326, PIMUZ 39241. E Neospathodus ex gr. cristagalli (Huckriede); SHA330, PIMUZ 39182. H Neospathodus dieneri (Sweet); SHA338, PIMUZ 39181

Fig. 12 Calibration between U in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 12 Calibration between U-Pb ages and fossiliferous beds, UAZs, δ13Crecord, climatic proxies and conodont diversity. A U–Pb ages (after carb Widmann et al., 2020). B Geological timescales with Early Triassic substages C ammonoid biochronozones modified from Brayard and Bucher (2008), D Conodont beds from South China (this work), E Newly established conodont UAZs from South China. See Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. F Evolution of the composite δ13Crecord during the Smithian and early Spathian from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang, Lilong (see also Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6). G Temporal carb evolution of species- genera- and subfamily-diversity (after Fig. 10), H δ18Cfrom conodont apatite from Pakistan (after Goudemand et al., 2019). phos I: Palynological events (after Hermann et al. 2011)

Fig. 10 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 10 Temporal evolution of species- genera- and subfamily-diversity (succession of UAZs) for all the characteristic (part of UAZ) conodonts from South China during the Smithian and Spathian interval. Calculated from the optimal solution given in Fig. 8. Note the Early Smithian and Early Spathian radiation and the late Smithian and middle/late Spathian extinction. Absolute ages from Widmann (2019) and Widmann et al., (2020)

Fig. 1 A in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 1 A Locations of the studied sections in the Nanpanjiang Basin (Luolou platform) (modified from Bagherpour et al., 2017). a—flood alluvial facies, b—shallow water siliclastic deposit, c—carbonate platform, d—slope, e—basin. Sections: 1—Qiakong, 2—Laren, 3—Shanggang, 4—Lilong, 5—Youping cascade. B Simplified palaeogeographical map of the Early Triassic (modified after the PANALESIS plate tectonic model of Vérard, 2019) South China indicated with a star

Fig. 8 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 8 Sequences of Unitary Association (UAs), Unitary Associations Zones (UAZs), lateral reproducibility and dissimilarity index (D) resulting from the biochronological analyses of the 19 sections in South China from the final run. Note the grey shades in the upper figure with rather poor lateral reproducibility and/or poor dissimilarity index of the UA2, UA3, UA4, UA5, UA6, UA7, UA9, UA10, UA11, UA12, UA13, UA14, UA15, UA16, UA17, UA18, UA19, UA20, UA21 and UA22. This 20 UAs were merged into a final total of 11 UAZs (lower figure)

Fig. 11 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China

Fig. 11 Faunal turnover rate for all the relying conodont UAZs from South China during the Smithian and Spathian interval. Calculated from the optimal solution given in Fig. 8. Note the early Smithian and early Spathian radiation and the late Smithian and middle/late Spathian extinction