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Fig. 3 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 3. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, in palatal view (A) (with arrows indicating the neurovascular openings in the secondary palate formed by the rostral−premaxilla−maxilla complex), and right lateral and ventral view (B) of the caudodorsal portion of the skull, showing the internal (ventral) surface of the frontal and the quadrate cotyla of the squamosal. Photographs (A1, B1) and interpretive outlines (A2, B2).

Fig. 6 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 6. The most parsimonious tree (length 58, consistency index 0.534, retention index 0.603) of Psittacosaurus obtained using the implicit enumeration option of the T.N.T. software (Goloboff et al. 2007). The data matrix of Averianov et al. (2006) was supplemented by coding 31 characters for Psittacosaurus major and P. lujiatunensis (see Appendix 1). P. xinjiangensis and Psittacosaurus specimen L0001 from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning (Xu and Wang 1998) were excluded due to large amount of missing data. Nodes are supported by the following unambiguous synapomorphies (in parenthesis are character numbers from Averianov et al.'s (2006) matrix). Node A: preorbital segment less than 40% of skull length (1), nasal extends ventrally beyond the external naris (5), ventral border of external naris is dorsal to the maxillary dorsal end (6), premaxillary teeth absent (8), and premaxillalacrimal contact present (9). Node B: lateral surface of the mandible straight (21). Node C: skull profile rounded (2). Node D: no synapomorphies. Node E: ventral margin of premaxilla−maxilla contact incised (11) and external mandibular fenestra present (20). Node F: "maxillary process" of maxilla present (14) and primary ridge on maxillary teeth caudoventrally angled (25). Node G: skull width exceeds skull length (3), premaxilla contacts jugal caudally (10), ventral postorbital horn present (15), rostral ramus of squamosal extends as far as to rostral wall of the supratemporal fenestra (17), quadrate shaft strongly arched in lateral view with caudal margin deeply excavated (19), and primary ridge on maxillary teeth weakly developed or absent (24). Node H: "maxillary process" of maxilla present (14) and denticles number on maxillary teeth equal to or more than 14 (26).

Fig. 2 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 2. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, in right lateral (A), rostral (B), and caudal (C) views. Photographs (A1, B1, C1) and interpretive outlines (A2, B2, C2).

Fig. 5 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 5. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Right maxillary tooth row in labial view. B. Right dentary tooth row in lingual view.

Fig. 4 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 4. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China. Left mandible in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and rostral (D) views (A1, B1, C, and D are photographs and A2 and B2 are interpretive outlines).

Fig. 1 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 1. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, in dorsal (A), left lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. Photographs (A1, B1, C1) and interpretive outlines (A2, B2, C2).

FIGURE 56 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 56. Photograph of the articular surface of the left mandible of OMNH 58340, detailing the facets present on the dorsal surfaces of the surangular and prearticular. The dashed lines circumscribe the articular fossae of the prearticular. Anterior is up. Abbreviations: lf - lateral articular fossa; m - matrix; mf - medial articular fossa.

FIGURE 58 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 58. Posterodorsal view (58.1) of the virtual left surangular (pink) and prearticular (green) and medial view (58.2) of the virtual left prearticular of OMNH 58340. The left image shows the nature of the articulation of the two elements at the point of articulation of the mandible with the quadrate (indicated by arrow). Anterior is into the page in 58.1 and to the right in 58.2. Abbreviations: ap - anterior process; rp - retroarticular process; sa - area of articulation with the splenial.

FIGURE 54 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 54. Lateral (54.1) and medial (54.2) views of the virtual left angular of OMNH 58340. Anterior is left in the upper image and right in the lower image. Abbreviations: da - articular surface for the dentary; mr - medial ridge; vr - ventral ridge.

FIGURE 51 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 51. Medial view of the virtual left mandible of OMNH 58340 with the splenial and prearticular removed to show the extent of the Meckelian canal as it traverses the mandible. Anterior is right. Abbreviation: mc - Meckelian canal.

FIGURE 52 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 52. Lingual (above) and labial (below) views of the complete virtual tooth set of the left dentary of OMNH 58340, demonstrating the method of replacement, with groups of teeth beginning to be replaced in alternating succession from posterior to anterior. Individual Zahnreihen are indicated by dots of the same color placed at the occlusal tips of the teeth. Anterior is to the left in the upper image and to the right in the lower image.

FIGURE 48 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 48. Photographs of the predentary of OMNH 58340 in dorsal (48.1), anterior (48.2), lateral (48.3), posterior (48.4), and ventral (48.5) views. Abbreviations: dp - dentary process; mt - median tab; pd - primary denticle; vp - ventral process; vs - ventral sulcus.

FIGURE 49 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 49. Dorsal (49.1), lateral (49.2), and medial (49.3) views of the virtual left dentary of OMNH 58340, disarticulated. Anterior is to the left in the first two images and to the right in the third. Abbreviations: at - alveolar trench; au - alveolar undulations; ca - area for articulation with coronoid; Mc - Meckelian canal; pf - predentary foramina; sa - area for articulation with surangular.

FIGURE 47 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 47. Medial schematic of the left (above) and photographs of the left (middle) and right (below) mandibles of OMNH 58340. Note the amount of dorsoventral compression of the right mandible when compared with the left. Anterior is to the right in the first two images and to the left in the third. Abbreviations: ap - alveolar parapet; imc - internal mandibular foramen; mc - Meckelian canal.

FIGURE 46 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 46. Lateral schematic of the left (above) and photographs of the left (middle) and right (below) mandibles of OMNH 58340. Note the amount of dorsoventral compression of the right mandible when compared with the left. Anterior is to the left in the first two images and to the right in the third. Abbreviation: sf - surangular foramen.

FIGURE 50 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 50. Lateral (50.1) and medial (50.2) views of the disarticulated virtual left coronoid of OMNH 58340. The parallel texturing covering most of 50.1 is an artifact of the sectioning process used to isolate the element and represents the articular surface for the surangular and dentary. Anterior is left in 50.1 and right in 50.2. Abbreviations: ap - anterior process; cp - coronoid process; da - articular surface for dentary; sa - articular surface for surangular; vt - ventral tab.

FIGURE 45 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 45. Dorsal (45.1), right lateral (45.2), anterior (45.3), and posterior (45.4) views of the virtual endosseous labyrinths of OMNH 58340. The canals are oriented in 45.1 such that anterior is above and posterior below. Ventral is down in all other images. Abbreviations: aa - anterior ampulla; asc - anterior semicircular canal; au - anterior utricle; ca - cavum capsularis; cc - common crus; fo - fenestra ovalis; lr - lagenar recess; lsc - lateral semicircular canal; pa - posterior ampulla; psc - posterior semicircular canal; pu - posterior utricle; v - vestibule.

FIGURE 44 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 44. Right lateral (44.1), anteroventral (44.2), anterior (44.3), and posterior (44.4) views of the virtual endocast of OMNH 58340. 44.1 shows various landmarks for the passage of venous sinuses and cranial nerves. 44.2 highlights the waists between the cerebrum and cerebellum anterodorsally and the cerebellum and medulla posteroventrally. 44.3 shows the faint lobes present on the dorsal surface of the endocast, separated by a small trough (indicated by arrow). 44.4 shows the dorsal sagittal sinus in the middle and the flocculi of the endocast, as well as the dorsal bulbous expansions. Abbreviations: ad - anterodorsal ridge; av - anteroventral ridge; be - bulbous expansions; die - diencephalon; ds - dorsal sagittal sinus; dvs - dorsal venous sinus; f - flocculus; i - beginning of infundibular stalk; mes - mesencephalon; met - metencephalon; my - myelencephalon; pi - pineal process; pro - prosencephalon; rho - rhombencephalon; rV - ridge running to trigeminal nerve (CN V); rVI - ridge running to abducens nerves (CN VI) tel - telencephalon.

FIGURE 42 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 42. Posterodorsal view of the virtual braincase of OMNH 58340 with the parietal, supraoccipital, and exoccipital/opisthotic removed and the paths of the cranial nerves highlighted. Anterior is into the page. Abbreviations: i - infundibulum; mp - median process.

FIGURE 40 in The cranial anatomy of Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970 (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

FIGURE 40. Horizontal CT image, taken at the level of the trigeminal foramina, of the basisphenoid and parasphenoid (orange), laterosphenoids (pink and light blue), trigeminal nerve foramina (yellow), prootics (teal and red), horizontal semicircular canals (purple), and exoccipital/opisthotic (green) of OMNH 58340. The endocast is the black and gray area in the middle of the image. The ventral processes of the supraoccipital can also be seen, as well as their peculiar density. Faint green lines are an artifact of the program used to define the element on each image. Anterior is down. Abbreviations: sc - horizontal semicircular canals; vp - ventral processes.