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Fig. 8 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 8. Reconstruction of a spined "settler−type" of Ammonicrinus leunisseni sp. nov., attached to a brachiopod brachial valve (Schizophoria sp.); the original (GIK−2103) from locality 6 is figured in Fig. 12L. Not to scale.

Fig. 13 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 13. Postmortem epizoan encrusting on disarticulated columnals of the lecanocrinid crinoid species Ammonicrinus sulcatus Kongiel, 1958. A–G. From the Eifel (locality 1, Appendix 1), Germany, upper Eifelian (Middle Devonian). H, I. From the Eifel (locality 2, Appendix 1), Germany, upper Eifelian (Middle Dvonian). A. View of external flanks of a pluricolumnal of the mesistele (GIK−2147), encrusted by a trepostomate bryozoan (Leptrotrypella(?) sp.) (arrows). B. Internal view of a pluricolumnal of the distal−most mesistele (GIK−2148), encrusted by a cystoporate bryozoan (Eridopora(?) sp.) (arrows). C. Facet view of an isolated, distal−most columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2149), encrusted by a trepostomate bryozoan [Leptrotrypella(?) sp.] (arrows). D. External flanks of a pluricolumnal of the mesistele (GIK−2150), encrusted by a trepostomate bryozoan (Eostenopora(?) sp.) (see arrows below); the bryozoan is infested by a crinoid attachment disc (arrows in D2); general view (D1), detail view (D2). E. View of external flanks of a pluricolumnal of the mesistele (GIK−2151), encrusted by a crinoid holdfast (arrow). F. Facet view of an isolated columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2152), encrusted by a cystoporate bryozoan (Cyclotrypa(?) sp.) (arrows). G. Facet view of a pluricolumnal of the mesistele (GIK−2153), encrusted by a cystoporate bryozoan (Cyclotrypa(?) sp.) (arrows). H. Facet view of an isolated columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2154) (H1), encrusted by microconchid valves (see arrows in detail view (H2). I. Facet view of an isolated columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2155), encrusted by a holdfast of a fenestrate bryozoan (arrow). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 2. The first figures of Ammonicrinus from Springer (1926) and Krause (1927). A. Ammonicrinus wanneri Springer, 1926 (from Springer 1926: pl. 6: 4a, b). A1, view of the extetrnal flanks of the coiled mesistele; A2, coiled mesistele in lateral view. B. Ammonicrinus leunisseni sp. nov. (= "A. wanneri" in Springer 1926: pl. 6: 5, 5b). B1, view of the extetrnal flanks of the coiled mesistele; B2, coiled mesistele in lateral view. C. Photograph of the holotype of Ammonicrinus wanneri Springer, 1926, USNM−S2115; lateral view of coiled mesistele; connection between mesi− and dististele, dististele and attachment missing (see fracture surface at distal mesistele). D. Photograph of USNM−S2115, the Springer (1926) original of "Ammonicrinus wanneri" (= A. leunisseni sp. nov. herein); lateral view of coiled mesistele; connection between mesi− and dististele, dististele and attachment missing (see fracture surface at distal mesistele). E. Ammonicrinus doliiformis Wolburg, 1938a (for 1937) (= "A. wanneri" in Krause 1927: pl. 8: 4, 2). E1, view of the extetrnal flanks of the coiled mesistele; E2, coiled mesistele in lateral view. A–D from the Middle Devonian, Eifel Limestone; Prüm, Eifel, Germany (Springer 1926: 25); E from the Middle Devonian of Sötenich, Eifel (Krause 1927: 456). A, B, E not to scale; C, D scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 1. A. Reconstruction of the Ammonicrinus life time position (modified after Piotrowski 1977: 208, fig. 2). B. Ammonicrinus plate diagram (not to scale).

Fig. 7 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 7. Ammonicrinus leunisseni sp. nov. A. Reconstruction of a "encased runner−type" of A. leunisseni sp. nov. attached to a tabulate coral (model); the spined specimen dwelled enrolled on the muddy seafloor. B. The original (GIK−2102) from the Eifel (locality 6, Appendix 1), Germany, Lower Givetian (Middle Devonian); showing slightly compressed proximal mesistele. A not to scale, B scale bar 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 5. Schematic illustrations of Ammonicrinus sulcatus Kongiel, 1958 after Piotrowski (1977). A. Lateral cross section through the feeding crinoid (Piotrowski 1977: 209, fig. 3). B. Former reconstruction of life time position (Piotrowski 1977: 208, fig. 2). Not to scale.

Fig. 11 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 11. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus kerdreoletensis Le Menn and Jaouen, 2003 (GIK−2121) from Vireux−Molhain (locality 12, Appendix 1), France, lower Eifelian (Middle Devonian); lateral view of long mesistele, proxistele and huge cup (arrow) on matrix. Scale bar 10 mm.

Fig. 10. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus sulcatus from locality 1 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 10. The lecanocrinid species Ammonicrinus sulcatus from locality 1 (A–G, I–Q) and 2 (H) (see Appendix 1). A–D. Facet views of GIK−2104–2107, showing nodular tubercles and spine−tubercles on exterior flanks of the columnals of the mesistele. E. Facet view (E1) and view of the exterior flank of a specimen (E2) (GIK−2108), showing tubercles and spine−tubercles on exterior flank of the columnal of the mesistele. F. Facet view of a specimen (GIK−2109), showing tubercles and spine−tubercles on exterior flank of the columnal of the mesistele. G. Facet view of a strongly sculptured columnal (GIK−2110) of the distal−most mesistele, showing connection to the dististele. H. Facet view of a columnal of the distal−most mesistele (GIK−2111), showing long LCEE and connection to the dististele. I. Facet view of a columnal of the distal−most mesistele (GIK−2112), showing relatively long LCEE and connection to the dististele. J. Interior view of a distal−most, barrel−like columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2113) with LCEE. K. Interior view of a distal−most, barrel−like columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2114), with partly preserved LCEE. L. Facet view of a juvenile distal columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2115) with nodular tubercles on exterior flank and on LCEE. M–N. Juvenile columnals of the proximal mesistele in facet views, showing well developed nodes on exterior flanks. M. GIK−2116. N. GIK−2117. O. Facet view of a juvenile distal columnal of the mesistele (GIK−2118) with nodular tubercles on exterior flank and on LCEE. P. Lateral view (P1) and view of the exterior flank (P2) of the partly preserved mesistele (GIK−2119); the specimen shows nodular tubercles, spine−tubercles and a few partly preserved spines (arrow). Q. Facet view (Q1) and lateral view (Q2) of a cracked, coiled mesistele (GIK−2120), showing several tuberculated and concave ossicles of the cup (arrows). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 15 in Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

Fig. 15. Schematic sketches of different LCEE of the mesistele in uncoiled (above) and coiled positions (below), indicating evolution of perfecting the crown−encasing in coiled position by modifying the extensions form Emsian to Givetian. A. Lateral view of Ammonicrinus kerdreoletensis Le Menn and Jaouen, 2003, showing similar shaped columnals with very short LCEE; thus, the crown is laterally nearly unprotected in coiled position. B. Lateral view of Ammonicrinus wanneri Springer, 1926, with lengthened LCEE of the similar shaped columnals, which lattice−like guarded the crown in coiled position. C. Lateral view of Ammonicrinus sulcatus Kongiel, 1958, showing smaller columnals of the mesistele, which are interconnected with longer ones and afford lateral density of the coiled stem. D. Lateral view of Ammonicrinus doliiformis Wolburg, 1938a (for 1937), showing regularly or irregularly arranged columnals with longer and shorter LCEE, which were interconnected with several columnals showing broadened convex and concave extensions that could interlock in coiled position.

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Fig. 2. A in Crinoids from the Famennian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 2. A. Kasachstanocrinus sp., GIUS−4−445/4, Kostomłoty, × 20. B, C. Urushicrinus sp., GIUS−4−455/1−2, Psie Górki, sample PG−A, × 15. D. Anthinocrinus sp., GIUS−4−91/33, Kadzielnia, × 12. E. Schyschcatocrinus delicatus Głuchowski, 1993, GIUS−4−455/8, Psie Górki sample PG−A, × 15. F–H. Schyschcatocrinus levis sp. nov., GIUS−4−91/11−13, Kadzielnia; F, G × 15, H (holotype GIUS−4−91/13) × 12. I–J. Stenocrinus altus Sisova, 1988, GIUS−4−91/15−16, Kadzielnia, × 10. K–N. Calleocrinus kielcensis Głuchowski, 1993, GIUS−4−91/45−52, Kadzielnia, × 10. O–W. Cosmocrinus polonicus sp. nov., GIUS−4−91/3−9, Kadzielnia; O–Q × 7, R and S (holotype GIUS−4−91/3) × 5; T, U × 10.

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Fig. 3. A–E in Crinoids from the Famennian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 3. A–E. Cyclocaudiculus longus Głuchowski, 1986, GIUS−4−504/1−5, Besówka, × 10. F–K. Acbastaucrinus affectatus Sisova, 1988, GIUS−4−149/1−6, Ostrówka, × 20. L–N. Kstutocrinus sp., GIUS−4−455/10−12, Psie Górki, sample PG−A, × 10. O–Q. Cyclocion sp., GIUS−4−428/1−3, Kowala, sample Ko−B, × 10. R, S. Dronovicrinus notabilis Stukalina, 1997. R. GIUS−4−445/9, Kostomłoty, × 10. S. GIUS−4−91/20−21, Kadzielnia, × 7. T, U. Taranshicrinus vulgaris Sisova, 1988. T. GIUS−4−11/1−2, Góra Łgawa, × 7. U. GIUS−4−431/1, Psie Górki, sample PG−B, × 10. V, W. Tjeecrinus insectus (Yeltyschewa in Dubatolova, 1964), GIUS−4−91/37−38, Kadzielnia, × 10. X. Cyclostelechus? sp., GIUS−4−149/10, Ostrówka, × 15.

Fig. 6 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma

Fig. 6. Fifth (A), sixth (B, C), seventh (F, G) and more distal (H, I) secundibrachials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A, B, E, F, H, I. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/28, probably IIBr5, oral (A1) and aboral (A2) views. B. ZPAL Ca.6/29, probably IIBr6, oral (B1) and aboral (B2) views. E. ZPAL Ca.6/32, probably IIBr6 or 7, oral (E1) and aboral (E2) views. F. ZPAL Ca.6/30, probably IIBr7, oral (F1) and aboral (F2) view. H. ZPAL Ca.6/10, distal secundibrachial (IIBr8 and higher), oral (H1), proximal (H2), lateral (H3, proximal side right), and distal (H4) views. I. ZPAL Ca.6/31, distal brachial, lateral view (I1) and articulation facet (I2). C. Saccocoma sp., ZPAL Ca.6/34, probably IIBr6, oral (C1), aboral (C2), lateral/aboral (C3), and distal/aboral (C4) views. D. Saccocoma vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/35, IIBr5, 6 or 7, oral (D1), aboral (D2), lateral (D3, proximal side left), proximal (D4), distal (D5), and lateral (D6, proximal side right) views. G. Saccocoma aff. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/33, probably IIBr7 or more distal secundibrachial, oral (G1), aboral (G2), and lateral (G3, proximal side right) views.

Fig. 4 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma

Fig. 4. First (A) and second (B–F) primibrachials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A, B. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/25, IBr1, oral (A1), aboral (A2), lateral (A3), proximal (A4), and distal (A5) views. B. ZPAL Ca.6/16, IBr2 (IAx), oral (B1), aboral (B2), lateral/oral (B3), and distal (B4) views. C. Saccocoma sp., ZPAL Ca.6/19, IBr2 (IAx), oral (C1), aboral (C2), and distal (C3) views. D, E.Saccocoma aff. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984. D. ZPAL Ca.6/18, IBr2 (IAx), oral (D1), aboral (D2), lateral (D3), distal (D4), and lateral/slightly aboral (D5) views. E. ZPAL Ca.6/17, IBr2 (IAx), oral (E1), aboral (E2), lateral/slightly aboral (E3), and distal (E4) views. F. S. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/20, IBr2 (IAx), oral (F1), aboral (F2), and lateral (F3) views.

Fig. 5 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma

Fig. 5. First or third (A), second (B–G) and fourth (H, I) secundibrachials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A, B, H, I. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/21, IIBr1 or 3, proximal (A1), lateral (A2, proximal side to the left), distal (A3), and aboral (A4) views. B. ZPAL Ca.6/15, IIBr2, oral (B1) and aboral (B2) views. H. ZPAL Ca.6/27, IIBr4, oral (H1) and aboral (H2) views. I. ZPAL Ca.6/26, IIBr4, oral (I1) and aboral (I2) views. C, D. Saccocoma tenella? (Goldfuss, 1831). C. ZPAL Ca.6/14, IIBr2, oral (C1) and aboral (C2) views. D. ZPAL Ca.6/13, IIBr2, oral (D1) and aboral (D2) views. E, F. Saccocoma aff. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984. E. ZPAL Ca.6/23, IIBr2, oral (E1) and aboral (E2) views. F. ZPAL Ca.6/22, IIBr2, oral (F1) and aboral (F2) views. G. Saccocoma vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/24, IIBr2, oral (G1), aboral (G2), proximal (G3), distal (G4), and lateral/proximal views.

Fig. 3 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma

Fig. 3. Radials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A–E. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/01, exterior view. B. ZPAL Ca.6/02, exterior view. C. ZPAL Ca.6/03, exterior view. D. ZPAL Ca.6/09, interior view (D1) and details of the upper part (D2, enlarged twice). E. ZPAL Ca.6/12, interior view (E1) and details of the upper part (E2, enlarged twice); oral view (E3) and details of the articulation facet (E4, enlarged twice). F–I. Saccocoma vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984. F. ZPAL Ca.6/11, oral view (F1) and details of the articulation facet (F2, enlarged twice). G. ZPAL Ca.6/08, interior view (G1) and muscle fields viewed from different angle (G2, enlarged twice). H. ZPAL Ca.6/06, exterior view. I. ZPAL Ca.6/05, exterior view.

Fig. 2 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma

Fig. 2. Arrangement and articulation of proximal brachials in Saccocoma tenella. Asterisks denote non−muscular (cryptosynarthrial) articulations. Not to scale.

Fig. 1 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma

Fig. 1. Restoration of Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). Some arms or their distal parts omitted for clarity (drawing by Jerzy Dzik based on a model constructed by the author).

Fig. 5 in Crinoid and ostracod succession within the Early-Middle Frasnian interval in the Wietrznia quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 5. Stratigraphic distribution of the Lower–Middle Frasnian crinoid species in the Wietrznia Ie section, Holy Cross Mountains. Lithology, stratigraphy and stable carbon isotope geochemistry modified from Pisarzowska et al. (2006). Abbreviation: SML, Śluchowice Marly Level.

Fig. 1. A in Crinoid and ostracod succession within the Early-Middle Frasnian interval in the Wietrznia quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 1. A. Geological map of western part of the Holy Cross Mountains and location of study site (simplified from Marynowski et al. 2000). B. Sketch map of Wietrznia quarries and location of the studied sections (modified from Makowski 1993).

Fig. 2 in Crinoid and ostracod succession within the Early-Middle Frasnian interval in the Wietrznia quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 2. Early Frasnian (Palmatolepis transitans Zone) ostracods from the Wietrznia Id−W section, Holy Cross Mountains. A. Hollinella sp., ZPAL O.57/1, sample Id−W−29, in left valve in lateral view. B. Amphissites sp. aff. A. parvulus (Paeckelmann, 1913), ZPAL O.57/2, sample Id−W−9, right valve in lateral view. C. Palaeocopida indet., ZPAL O.57/3, sample Id−W−39, left valve in lateral view. D. Uchtovia sp., ZPAL O.57/4, sample Id−W−31, carapace in left lateral view. E. Paraparchitidae? sp. indet., ZPAL O.57/5, sample Id−W−31, carapace in right lateral view. F. Micronewsomites sp., ZPAL O.57/6, sample Id−W−9, carapace in right lateral view. G. Microcheilinella sp. A., ZPAL O.57/7, sample Id−W−17, carapace in right lateral (G1) and dorsal (G2) views. H. Microcheilinella sp. B, ZPAL O.57/8, sample Id−W−39, carapace in right lateral (H1) and dorsal (H2) views. I. Bairdiocypris sp. A, ZPAL O.57/9, sample Id−W−31, carapace in right lateral view. J. Bairdiocypris sp. B, ZPAL O.57/10, sample Id−W−31, carapace in right lateral view. K. Bairdiocypris sp. C, ZPAL O.57/11, sample Id−W−31, carapace in right lateral view. L. Healdianella cf. alba Lethiers, 1981, ZPAL O.57/12, sample Id−W−17, carapace in right lateral view. M. Cytherellina? sp., ZPAL O.57/13, sample Id−W−31, carapace in right lateral view. N. Bairdiacypris sp. A, ZPAL O.57/14, sample Id−W−9, carapace in right lateral view. O, P. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) sp. nov. A. O. ZPAL O. 57/15, sample Id−W−31, carapace in right lateral (O1) and dorsal (O2) views. +