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159 results for “diversity determinants”
Linked collectors and determiners for: The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/f99f3b15-7592-490f-9903-ce6b24131864">https://bionomia.net/dataset/f99f3b15-7592-490f-9903-ce6b24131864</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/f99f3b15-7592-490f-9903-ce6b24131864">https://gbif.org/dataset/f99f3b15-7592-490f-9903-ce6b24131864</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Museum records for "Determinants of genetic diversity in Neotropical salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossini)"
<p>This dataset contains museum records for 59 species of Neotropical salamanders (tribe Bolitoglossini) from GBIF. These records were used to estimate the area of species' distributions as well as to extract climatic variability data for each species from Worldclim layers. After downloading the data from GBIF, we checked all records for each species against the species' known range and eliminated records outside the range or that were taxonomically misidentified.</p>
Evolutionary history of grazing and resources determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity
Ecological models predict that the effects of mammalian herbivore exclusion on plant diversity depend on resource availability and plant exposure to ungulate grazing over evolutionary time. Using an experiment replicated in 57 grasslands on six continents, with contrasting evolutionary history of grazing, we tested how resources (mean annual precipitation and soil nutrients) determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity, richness, and evenness. Here we show that at sites with a long history of ungulate grazing, herbivore exclusion reduced plant diversity by reducing both richness and evenness, and the responses of richness and diversity to herbivore exclusion decreased with mean annual precipitation. At short with a short history of grazing, the effects of herbivore exclusion were not related to precipitation but differed for native and exotic plant richness. Thus, plant species’ evolutionary history of grazing continues to shape the response of the world’s grasslands to changing mammalian herbivory.
The role of evolutionary time, diversification rates and dispersal in determining the global diversity of a large radiation of passerine birds
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Aim</b>: Variation in species diversity among different geographic areas may result from differences in speciation and extinction rates, immigration and time for diversification. An area with high species diversity may be the result of a high net diversification rate, multiple immigration events from adjacent regions,anda long time available for the accumulation of species (know as the "time-for-speciation effect"). Here, we examine the relative importance of the three aforementionedprocesses in shaping the geographic diversity patterns of a large radiation of passerine birds.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Location</b>: Global</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Time period</b>: Early Miocene to present</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Major taxa studied</b>: Babblers (Aves: Passeriformes)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods</b>: Using a comprehensive phylogeny of extant species (~90% sampled) and distributions of the world's babblers, we reconstructed their biogeographic history and analysed the diversification dynamics. We examined how species richness correlates with the timing of regional colonization, the number of immigration events and the rate of speciation within all 13 geographic distribution regions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results</b>: We found thatbabblers likely originated in the Sino-Himalayan Mountains (SHM) in the early Miocene, suggesting a long time for diversification and species accumulation within the SHM. Regression analyses showed the regional diversity of babblers can be well explained by the timing of the first colonization within of these areas, while differences in rates of speciation or immigration have far weaker effects. Nonetheless, the rapid speciation of <i>Zosterops</i>during the Pleistocene has accounted for the increased diversification and accumulation of species in the oceanic islands.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Main conclusions</b>: Our results suggest that the global diversity patterns of babblers have predominantly been shaped by the time-for-speciation effect. Our findings also support an origin centred in tropical and subtropical parts of the SHM, with a cradle of recent diversification in the oceanic islands of the Indo-Pacific region, which provides new insights into the generation of global biodiversity hotspots.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Flooding and soil composition determine beta-diversity of lowland forests in Northern South America
Beta diversity may be determined by dispersal limitation, environment and phylogeographic history. Our objective was to advance the understanding of plant species turnover in rainforests in Northern South America and determine which factors are affecting species beta-diversity. We evaluated the relative effect of environmental variables (i.e. soil, climate, fragmentation and flooding frequency) and dispersal limitation (i.e. geographical distance and resistance distance due mountain barriers) on tree beta diversity in 32 1-ha lowland forest plots. We found that tree species turnover was better explained by environmental distance than by geographic distance. Although, soil conditions and flooding regime were good predictors of tree species composition, almost half of the variance remained unexplained. In our study system, the Eastern Andean ridge had no significant effect on plant beta diversity, probably because of its young age in relation to the phylogeny. Our results provide support for the importance of environmental factors and suggests a more restricted role of dispersal limitation. Therefore, we advise that conservation strategies of lowland trees should consider specific forest types (e.g. seasonally flooded vs. terra firme, as well as piedmont vs. central Amazonian forests).
Patterns and determinants of lichen abundance and diversity across a subarctic to arctic latitudinal gradient
<p>Macrolichen abundance at the species level in 42 sites across a subarctic (56°N) to arctic (62°N) latitudinal gradient in Nunavik (Québec, Canada). Data was collected in the dominant vegetation types of six regions sampled along this gradient.</p>
Data: Drought and fire determine juvenile and adult woody diversity and dominance in a semi-arid African savanna
<p><em>Aim</em>: To understand how communities of adult and juvenile (seedlings and saplings) woody plants were impacted by fire and the 2014 – 2016 El Niño drought in Kruger National Park, South Africa.</p> <p><em>Methods</em>: We used a landscape scale fire experiment spanning 2013-2019 in a semi-arid savanna in the central west of Kruger National Park (mean annual precipitation, 543 mm). Adult and juvenile woody species composition were recorded during and after the drought in 40 plots that experienced a mix of no fire, moderate fire and frequent fire treatments. Using multivariate modelling, we related community composition in juvenile and adult woody plants to year of sampling and the experimental fire treatments.</p> <p><em>Results</em>: Post-drought, there was significant adult woody plant top-kill, especially in dominant species <em>Dichrostachys cinerea</em> (81% reduction in abundance), <em>Acacia nigrescens</em> (30%), and <em>Combretum apiculatum</em> (19%), but no significant change in adult species richness. Two years post-drought, abundance of all juveniles decreased by 35%, and species richness increased in juveniles in both the frequent fire (7%) and no fire treatments (32%).</p> <p><em>Conclusion</em>: Counter-intuitively, the El Niño drought increased species richness of the woody plant community due to the recruitment of new species as juveniles, a potential lasting impact on diversity, and where different fire regimes were associated with differences in community composition. Drought events in semi-arid savannas could drive temporal dynamics in species richness and composition in previously unrecognised ways.</p>
Data for: Elevated inbreeding in Heliconia tortuosa is determined by tropical forest stand age, isolation, and loss of hummingbird functional diversity
<p>Forest conversion and habitat loss are major threats to biological diversity. Forest regeneration can mitigate the negative effects of old growth forest loss on species diversity, but less is known about the extent to which forest loss reduces genetic diversity in remnant populations and whether secondary forests play a role in the maintenance of genetic diversity. We quantified genetic diversity in a tropical hummingbird-pollinated understory herb, <em>Heliconia tortuosa</em>, across a landscape mosaic of primary and secondary forest regrowth. Using microsatellite genotypes from >850 adult and juvenile plants within 33 forest patches and extensive bird surveys, we examined the effect of contemporary and historical landscape features including forest age (primary vs. secondary forest), stand isolation, and pollinator assemblages on genetic diversity and levels of inbreeding in <em>H. tortuosa</em>. We found that inbreeding was up to 3x higher in secondary forest, and this effect was amplified with reductions in primary forest in the surrounding landscape through reduced observed heterozygosity in isolated fragments. Inbreeding in forest patches was negatively correlated with the local frequency of specialist long-distance foraging traplining hummingbirds. Traplining hummingbirds therefore appear to facilitate mating among unrelated plants - an inference we tested using empirically parameterized simulations. Higher levels of inbreeding in <em>H. tortuosa</em> are therefore associated with reduced functional diversity of hummingbirds in secondary forests and forest patches isolated from primary forests. Our findings suggest a cryptic consequence of primary forest loss and secondary forest regeneration through the disruption of mutualistic interactions resulting in the erosion of genetic diversity in a common understory plant.</p>
Determinants of genetic diversity and species richness of North American amphibians
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Ecological limits on population sizes and the number of species a region can sustain are thought to simultaneously produce spatial patterns in population genetic diversity and species richness due to the effects of random drift operating in parallel across population and community levels. Here, we test the extent to which resource-based environmental limits jointly determine these patterns of biodiversity in amphibians.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> North America.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Amphibians.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We repurposed open, raw microsatellite data from 19 species sampled at 554 sites in North America and mapped nuclear genetic diversity at the continental scale. We then tested whether ecological limits defined by resource availability and environmental heterogeneity could simultaneously shape biogeographic patterns in genetic diversity and species richness with structural equation modeling.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Spatial patterns of population genetic diversity run opposite patterns of species richness and genetic differentiation. However, while measures of resource availability and niche heterogeneity predict 89% of the variation in species richness, these landscape metrics were poor predictors of genetic diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Although heterogeneity appears to be an important driver of genetic and species biodiversity patterns in amphibians, variation in genetic diversity both within and across species makes it difficult to infer general processes producing spatial patterns of amphibian genetic diversity. This result differs from those found in endotherms and may be due to the considerable life history variation found across amphibians.</p>
Data from: Genetic diversity in tempo determines foraging range in ants
<p>The foraging behavior of a colony arises from the activity of individual workers. In this paper we explore the phenotypic differences among the workers of the western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis in order to understand the temporal pattern of foraging in colonies. We know that the genetic diversity of colonies influences the temporal pattern of foraging: with greater genetic diversity colonies begin foraging earlier and forage for greater duration. </p> <p>We test two mechanisms to account for this pattern. The Temperature Hypothesis predicts that early foragers will be more active at lower temperatures than late foragers and will be the first workers to initiate foraging. Late foragers will be more active at high temperatures. The Tempo Hypothesis predicts that early foragers will be the first to forage because they have the higher overall tempo of activity at all temperatures. </p> <p>We measure the movement activity of samples of early and late foragers from 32 colonies over a range of temperatures from 9-37̊C. We find that early workers are more active at all temperatures than late workers, supporting the Tempo Hypothesis. Early and late foragers tend to belong to different patrilines, suggesting that there is a genetic basis for the difference in the tempo of behavior. We also find that colonies that have greater number of patrilines, due to greater mating frequency by the queen, have a greater range temporal range of foraging. </p>
Unraveling the local and regional determinants of the high plant diversity at marine rocky outcrops in Uruguay
<p>This repository includes the data (environmental and species by plot) and codes associated to our work which analized <span><span>the high plant diversity reported in </span></span><span><span>Atlantic rocky outcrops of Uruguay. In this study we analyzed the local determinants and regional processes that could determine this high plant diversity. </span><span>Specifically, we evaluated the potential ro</span><span>le of the regional species pool diversity (through the presence of different species assemblages according to their preferential environment or vegetation type), and the local determinants of plant diversity in the coast-inland gradient of stress and disturbance.</span></span></p>
Figure 1 in Does the location of coastal brackish waters determine diversity and abundance of zooplankton assemblages?
Figure 1. Location of the research stations on the Vistula Lagoon and Lake Łebsko.
Figure 5 in Does the location of coastal brackish waters determine diversity and abundance of zooplankton assemblages?
Figure 5. Biomass (mg dm–3) of zooplankton in the Vistula Lagoon and Lake Łebsko in 2010–2011.
Data from: The interacting influences of competition, composition, and diversity determine successional community change
<p>Community change is one of the few constants in nature, and the balance of mechanisms influencing this change is central to understanding the structure and functioning of communities and ecosystems. Newly established communities undergo succession and can change in diversity and composition as local environmental change, interspecific interactions, and immigration play out over time. Understanding the influence of initial conditions and priority effects (long-term consequences of the initial community composition and species identity) on community change is critically important for both evaluating ecological theory and predicting restoration outcomes. </p> <p>Here I evaluate how initial experimental conditions in 2012, such as initial sown species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and early biomass production, along with priority effects caused by the identity of sown species, influence subsequent plant community composition and the number of colonizing species after nine years of uninterrupted natural colonization. </p> <p>I found that sown phylogenetic diversity (measured as mean pairwise distance) indirectly affected the number of colonizing species by increasing biomass production early on and plots with more biomass in 2012 were colonized by fewer species. Individual species influenced the number of colonizing species with taller species reducing the number of colonists and some shorter species increasing the number of colonists. </p> <p><em><strong>Synthesis</strong></em>: Taken together, these results indicate that initial composition influences the number of colonizing species via community-wide competition. These findings suggest that restoration outcomes can be greatly influenced by decisions about sown species composition and early management practices.</p>
Obuasi case study data: Performance of neutral SNP barcodes to determine genetic diversity and structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Africa
<p>A small number of informative biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been proposed to be an economical method to fast-track the genotyping and relatedness analysis of <em>Plasmodium</em> <em>falciparum</em> in malaria-endemic areas. Whilst used successfully in low-transmission areas where infections are monoclonal and highly related, we present the first study to evaluate the performance of these 24- and 96-SNP molecular barcodes in African countries characterised by moderate-to-high transmission. Using haplotypes generated from the MalariaGEN <em>P. falciparum</em> Community Project version 6 database, 52.3% of infections were multiclonal, generating high frequencies of mixed-allele calls (MACs) per isolate. Both multiclonality and low heterozygosity of SNPs impeded haplotype construction for analyses of relatedness. Although fewer SNPs provided usable data, these SNP barcodes weakly identified genetic differentiation across large geographic distances. However, both minor and major alleles' frequencies were temporally unstable. We conclude that these standardised SNP barcodes are vulnerable to ascertainment bias. While large numbers of SNPs acquired by whole-genome sequencing and computational methods to construct haplotypes present a way forward, these approaches may not be practical or cost-effective for surveillance on large scales in malaria-endemic areas. </p>
Data from: Behavioral diversity and biomechanical determinants of the outcome of a fish predator-prey interaction
<p>Predator-prey interactions are ubiquitous and under strong selection because of the consequences experienced by both predator and prey if they lose the interaction. Biomechanics and behavior play important roles in the outcome of these interactions, but many studies focus on the prey, restrict the range of behaviors considered, and the role of prey boldness in the outcome is not understood. We used high-speed video to test for effects of multiple measures of performance and kinematics of both the predator and prey, and boldness of prey on the outcome of interactions between Pike Cichlids (<em>Crenicichla</em>) and Guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>). We found high variation in the behaviors employed during the predator-prey interactions, including in suction versus raptorial feeding, strike accuracy, and guppy responsiveness. We also found that predators moving relatively slower and prey moving relatively faster were more successful at consuming the prey and evading the predator, respectively. Prey that reacted farther from the predator were more likely to escape predation, but boldness of the prey did not affect the interaction. Our work suggests that a high level of variation in predator-prey interactions is widespread, even when strike and escape behaviors are stereotyped. We also showed that what both the predator and the prey do during an interaction are important in determining the outcome.</p>
Data from: Behavioral diversity and biomechanical determinants of the outcome of a fish predator-prey interaction
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Determinants of genetic diversity and species richness of North American amphibians
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Diversity and identity of economics traits determine the extent of tree mixture effects on ecosystem productivity
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Data from: The interacting influences of competition, composition, and diversity determine successional community change
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.