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Figures 64–70 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 64–70. Buitinga lakilingo. Left male palp in prolateral (64) and retrolateral (65) views, male chelicerae in frontal (66) and lateral (67) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (68), and cleared epigynum in ventral (69) and dorsal (70) views. 'e': embolus; 'p': distinctive papilla on bulb; 'va': ventral apophysis on palpal coxa. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (64, 65), 0.2 mm (66, 67, 69, 70), 50 Mm (68).

Figures 85–91 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 85–91. Buitinga amani. Left male palp in prolateral (85) and retrolateral (86) views, male chelicerae in frontal (87) and lateral (88) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (89), and cleared epigynum in ventral (90) and dorsal (91) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'va': ventral apophysis on palpal coxa; arrow points to structure that winds around procursus ventrally. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (85, 86), 0.2 mm (87, 88, 90, 91), 30 Mm (89).

Figures 71–84 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 71–84. Buitinga kadogo (71–79), mazumbai (80–83), and lakilingo (84). 71. Sclerotized teeth on proximal projections of male chelicerae. 72. Distal male cheliceral apophyses with modified hairs. 73. Male spinnerets. 74. Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots. 75. Right procursus, prolateral view. 76, 80. Scapes on epigyna. 77, 82. Male palpal tarsal organs. 78, 83. Female palpal tarsal organs. 79, 81. Female ALS. 84. Tip of female pedipalp with tarsal organ. Scale bars = 6 Mm (78), 8 Mm (83), 10 Mm (79), 20 Mm (71, 72, 77, 81, 82), 30 Mm (84), 40 Mm (74), 60 Mm (73, 76), 80 Mm (75), 200 Mm (80).

Figures 58–63 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 58–63. Buitinga mazumbai. Left male palp in prolateral (58) and retrolateral (59) views, male chelicerae in lateral (60) view, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (61), and cleared epigynum in ventral (62) and dorsal (63) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'va': ventral apophysis on palpal coxa. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (58, 59, 62, 63), 0.2 mm (60), 30 Mm (61).

Figures 280–287 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 280–287. 'Spermophora' minotaura (280–283), berlandi (284, 285), and lambilloni (286, 287). 280. Frontal modifications on male chelicerae. 281. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 282, 284, 286. Male gonopores with epiandrous spigots. 283. Male ALS and PMS. 285, 287. Male ALS spigots. Scale bars = 10 Mm (283, 287), 20 Mm (281), 30 Mm (282, 284–286), 50 Mm (280).

Figures 262–267 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 262–267. 'Spermophora' berlandi. Left male palp in prolateral (262) and retrolateral (263) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (264), apophysis and modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (265), and cleared epigynum in ventral (266) and dorsal (267) views. 'f ': 'Spermophora-flap'; 'hp': hinged process; 'i': indented area on bulb. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (262, 263, 266, 267), 0.3 mm (264), 50 Mm (265).

Figures 14–25 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 14–25. Buitinga and 'Spermophora' habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 14. B. ruwenzori. 15. B. tingatingai. 16. B. mulanje. 17. B. kanzuiri. 18. 'S.' morogoro. 19. 'S.' sangarawe. 20. 'S.' usambara. 21. 'S.' masisiwe. 22. 'S.' kivu. 23. 'S.' berlandi. 24. 'S.' minotaura. 25. 'S.' lambilloni.

Figures 51–57 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 51–57. Buitinga kadogo. Left male palp in prolateral (51) and retrolateral (52) views, male chelicerae in frontal (53) and lateral (54) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (55), and cleared epigynum in ventral (56) and dorsal (57) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium; 'to': tarsal organ; arrows point to distinctive structures of procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (51, 52), 0.2 mm (53, 54, 56, 57), 30 Mm (55).

Figures 244–249 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 244–249. 'Spermophora' masisiwe. Left male palp in prolateral (244) and retrolateral (245) views, modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (246), male chelicerae in frontal view (247), and cleared epigynum in ventral (248) and dorsal (249) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (244, 245), 0.3 mm (248, 249), 0.2 mm (247).

Figures 182–186 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 182–186. Buitinga kihanga. Left male palp in prolateral (182) and retrolateral (183) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (184), and cleared epigynum in ventral (185) and dorsal (186) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process; 'wp': process winding around procursus. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (182, 183, 185, 186), 50 Mm (184).

Figures 1–13 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 1–13. Buitinga habitus, males in dorsal and lateral views. 1. B. kadogo, 2. B. mazumbai, 3. B. lakilingo, 4. B. amani, 5. B. safura, 6. B. nigrescens, 7. B. griswoldi, 8. B. buhoma, 9. B. kihanga, 10. B. asax, 11. B. mbomole, 12. B. ruhiza, 13. B. uzungwa.

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Data for: Genomic vulnerability to climate change in Quercus acutissima, a dominant tree species in East Asian deciduous forests

Understanding the evolutionary processes that shape the landscape of genetic variation and influence the response of species to future climate change is critical for biodiversity conservation. Here, we sampled 27 populations across the distribution range of a dominant forest tree, Quercus acutissima, in East Asia, and applied genome-wide analyses to track the evolutionary history and predict the fate of populations under future climate. We found two genetic groups (East and West) in Q. acutissima that diverged during the Pliocene. We also found a heterogeneous landscape of genomic variation in this species, which may have been shaped by population demography and linked selections. Using genotype-environment association analyses, we identified climate-associated SNPs in a diverse set of genes and functional categories, indicating a model of polygenic adaptation in Q. acutissima. We further estimated three genetic offset metrics to quantify genomic vulnerability of this species to climate change due to the complex interplay between local adaptation and migration. We found that marginal populations are under higher risk of local extinction because of future climate change, and may not be able to track suitable habitats to maintain the gene-environment relationships observed under the current climate. We also detected higher reverse genetic offsets in northern China, indicating that genetic variation currently present in the whole range of Q. acutissima may not adapt to future climate conditions in this area. Overall, this study illustrates how evolutionary processes have shaped the landscape of genomic variation, and provides a comprehensive genome-wide view of climate maladaptation in Q. acutissima.

FIG. 11. — Russula shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 11. — Russula shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. (from holotype): A-C, fresh and dissected basidiomata in the field and basecamp; D, E, transverse section through pileipellis showing elements; F, transverse section through lamellae showing basidia; G, H, transverse section through lamellae showing hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges; I-M, transverse section through lamellae showing hymenial cystidia near the lamellae sides. Scale bars: A, B, 20 mm; D, 20 μm; E-M, 10 μm.

FIG. 9. — Russula pseudoflavida A in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 9. — Russula pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. (from holotype): A, basidiospore; B, basidia; C, hymenial gloeocystidia near the lamellae edges; D, hymenial gloeocystidia near the lamellae sides; E, marginal cells; F, elements of the pileipellis near the pileus margin: hyphal terminations; G, elements of the pileipellis near the pileus centre: hyphal terminations; H, doubtfull primordial hyphae. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIG. 4 in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 4. — Phylogram generated by Maximum Likelihood analysis based on nrITS sequence data of Russula boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. and allied species. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support values (MLbs) ≥ 70% are shown on the left of "/" and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) ≥ 0.95 are shown on the right above or below the branches at nodes. Russula boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. is placed in red font to highlight its phylogenetic position in the tree.

FIG. 2 in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 2. — SEM micrographs of basidiospores: A, B, Russula boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov.; C, D, R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov.; E, F, R. shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. Scale bars: A-C, E, F, 2 μm; D, 1 μm.

FIG. 6 in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 6. — Russula boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. (from holotype): A, basidiospore; B, hymenial gloeocystidia near the lamellae edges; C, elements of the pileipellis near the pileus centre: hyphal terminations; D, basidia; E, hymenial gloeocystidia near the lamellae sides; F, elements of the pileipellis near the pileus margin: hyphal terminations. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIG. 8. — Russula pseudoflavida A in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 8. — Russula pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. (from holotype): A-C, fresh and dissected basidiomata in the field and basecamp; D-F, transverse section through pileipellis showing elements; G, primordial hyphae in carbolfuchsine; H-J, transverse section through lamellae showing hymenial gloeocystidia near the lamellae sides; K, transverse section through lamellae showing hymenial gloeocystidia near the lamellae edges. Scale bars: A, B, 20 mm; D, E, G, 20 μm; F, H-K, 10 μm.

FIG. 10 in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 10. — Phylogram generated by Maximum Likelihood analysis based on nrITS sequence data of Russula shorae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. and their allied species. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support values (MLbs) ≥ 70% are shown on the left of "/" and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) ≥ 0.95 are shown on the right above or below the branches at nodes. Russula shorae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. is placed in red font to highlight their phylogenetic positions in the tree.

FIG. 1 in Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis

FIG. 1. — Distributional map and habitat of Russula boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov., R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. and R. shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. in India.