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132 results for “eggshell”
Quantitative genetics of eggshell colouration
<p>Exploring the evolutionary architecture of female sexual traits and their potential evolvability is important to understand their possible role as post-mating sexual signals. Egg colouration has been proposed to be one of these post-mating sexual signals, honestly advertising female quality in birds, especially in blue-green laying species. In this study, we used an animal model in a Bayesian framework to estimate the evolvability of multiple descriptors of blue-green egg colouration and egg size in a wild long-term monitored population of spotless starlings (<em>Sturnus unicolor</em>). Our results show low to moderate heritability (<em>h</em><sup>2 </sup>= 0.31 – 0.44) for three egg colour descriptors (blue-green chroma, chroma and lightness) and egg size. Using the coefficient of additive genetic variance (<em>CV</em><sub>A</sub>) and the evolvability (<em>I</em><sub>A</sub>) as proxies of evolutionary potential of all components of this trait, we found low values of <em>C</em><em>V</em><sub>A</sub> for all these variables, suggesting a small evolutionary potential of these phenotypic traits, contrasting to previous results reported in another blue-green egg laying species. Our results indicate a modest raw genetic material of this trait on which sexual selection can act upon and, therefore, a small probability for these traits to respond easily to selection.</p>
Jasmina Wiemann used the eggshell collection at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History for her dinosaur eggshell coloration study. Photograph: Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. in The Evolution of Natural History Collections
Jasmina Wiemann used the eggshell collection at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History for her dinosaur eggshell coloration study. Photograph: Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
FIG. 3 in Towards a Diagnostic Tool for Turtle Ootaxonomy: Investigation of Microstructural Differences in the Eggshells of Australian Freshwater Turtles
FIG. 3. Size and density comparison of turtle egg membrane structures across species: (A) central plaque diameter (F2,87 ¼ 33.9, P, 0.01) and (B) basal knob diameter (F2,87 ¼ 7.9, P, 0.01). Note that plaques and basal knobs were not visible on any Eastern Long-necked Turtle (Chelodina longicollis) images, so are not included here.
FIG. 2 in Towards a Diagnostic Tool for Turtle Ootaxonomy: Investigation of Microstructural Differences in the Eggshells of Australian Freshwater Turtles
FIG. 2. Size comparison of turtle eggshell units across species: (A) largest shell unit diameter (F3,86 ¼ 8.1, P, 0.01), (B) smallest shell unit diameter (F3,86 ¼ 6.0, P, 0.01), (C) ratio of shell unit diameters (F3,86 ¼ 1.9, P ¼ 0.15), and (D) shell unit density (F3,18 ¼ 1.3, P ¼ 0.30).
FIG. 1 in Towards a Diagnostic Tool for Turtle Ootaxonomy: Investigation of Microstructural Differences in the Eggshells of Australian Freshwater Turtles
FIG. 1. Images of turtle eggshells under a scanning electron microscope. (A) Fragment of eggshell mineral layer from a Murray River Turtle (Emydura macquarii) egg, displaying shell units (white circles) and pores (*). (B) Fragment of eggshell mineral layer extracted from a dead Eastern Long-necked Turtle (Chelodina longicollis). The female had suffered road mortality prior to oviposition. (C) Outer surface of eggshell membrane layer from a Murray River Turtle egg, displaying basal knobs (white circle) and central plaques (*). (D) Fragment of eggshell outer membrane layer extracted from a dead Eastern Long-necked Turtle. (E) Cross section of an eggshell membrane from a Bell's Turtle (Myuchelys bellii) egg, displaying shell units of the outer mineral layer (dark circles) and the membrane layer (*). (F) Inner surface of eggshell membrane layer from a Bellinger River Turtle (M. georgesi) egg. Damage to the membrane (*) appears to reveal the fibrous matrix of the membrane interior.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic Identification Of The Megaloolithid Egg And Eggshells From The Cretaceous Bauru Basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil): Comparison With The Auca Mahuevo (Argentina) Titanosaurid Eggs
FIGURE 3: Eggs and eggshells from the locality of Peirópolis, Marília Formation, Bauru Basin (from Magalhães Ribeiro, 2002). A: Note the elongated sub‑spherical shape of this titanosaurid egg. The presence of a single egg with eroded eggshell fragments combined with grain size of the silicoclastic sediments suggests that the egg was transported and the Peirópolis locality, in contrast to Auca Mahuevo (Patagonia), is not the primary nesting site of these dinosaurs. B: Similarly to the well‑identified titanosaurid eggs from Auca Mahuevo, the eggshell surficial ornamentation of the Peirópolis material displays single and coalescent nodes. C: Eggshell accumulation and compaction on a single slab suggesting that the egg was subjected to taphonomic forces as it was still unbroken, a process also observed in Auca Mahuevo. D: SEM view of the radial section of a Peirópolis eggshell that displays the same eggshell structure with radiating acicular crystals and shell units arrangements as those from Auca Mahuevo. E: TLM view of a Peirópolis eggshell that shows organic lines that cross horizontally the eggshell thickness as observed in specimens from Auca Mahuevo.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic Identification Of The Megaloolithid Egg And Eggshells From The Cretaceous Bauru Basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil): Comparison With The Auca Mahuevo (Argentina) Titanosaurid Eggs
FIGURE 2: Eggs and eggshells from the locality of Auca Mahuevo, Rio Colorado Formation, Neuquén Basin. A: Titanosaurid egg found on the surface of stratigraphic egg layer 3. Note the sub‑spherical shape of the specimen here considered either as a biological character of this saurischian family or influenced by taphonomic processes coupled with a certain eggshell plasticity due to its mono‑layered structure. B: The site of Auca Mahuevo is interpreted as a flood plain with seasonally over banking rivers where titanosaurid dinosaurs would exhibit colonial nesting and site fidelity behaviors. A large number of egg clutches are surfacing in several stratigraphic egg layers. C: Eggshell surficial ornamentation displays single and coalescent nodes (two black arrows where nodes coalesce). D: SEM image of the perfect nodular ornamentation of titanosaurid eggshells with round pore apertures located in the interstices between the nodes. E: SEM detail of figure 1D. F: cross section of a titanosaurid eggshell that shows a pore canal (arrow 1) transecting the entire thickness of the mono‑layered eggshell. Note the network of connecting vertical pores with a system of horizontal pore canals here only visible because of the MT preservation. G: TLM view of a thin section that contains two eggshell fragments facing each other. Note the cores of the shell units as shown by arrow 1, the shell units (arrows 2 and 3) crossed by lines that are interpreted as ex‑organic structures, and the MT (arrow 4) preserved only in one section of the slab.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic Identification Of The Megaloolithid Egg And Eggshells From The Cretaceous Bauru Basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil): Comparison With The Auca Mahuevo (Argentina) Titanosaurid Eggs
FIGURE 1: A) Location of the Peirópolis titanosaurid oological material in the Bauru Basin‑Brazil (after Riccomini 1997, modified): 1. Precambrian basement rocks; 2. Paraná Basin (Ordovician to Triassic); 3. Serra Geral Formation (Early Cretaceous); 4. Bauru Basin (Late Cretaceous). B) Stratigraphic relationships of the Bauru Group in the southeastern part of the Bauru Basin: 1. basaltic rocks; 2. cross‑bedded sansdstone; 3. massive to slightly stratified sandstone; 4. massive to slightly stratified sandstone interlayered with mudstones; 5. sandstone, siltstone and mudstone; 6. sandstone and mudstone; 7. sandstone and conglomerate with limestone cement.
Figure 11 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 11. The egg tooth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 36. A, labiolingual histological section through the egg tooth and higher magnification of the area from the smaller box (inset), stained with H&E. B, labiolingual histological section through the egg tooth and dentin under higher magnification (inset) from the egg tooth tip, stained with AZAN trichrome. C, higher magnification of the area from the larger box in A showing a reversal line (arrows). D, transverse histological section through the anterior snout showing the cellular attachment tissue connecting the egg tooth to pleura, stained with H&E. E, sagittal cutaway of the snout (left), microtomographic sagittal (middle) and labiolingual (right) sections of the egg tooth. F, 3D reconstruction of the premaxilla and premaxillary teeth with exclusion of the egg tooth, ventral view. G, 3D reconstruction of the premaxilla and all premaxillary teeth, ventral view. H, 3D reconstruction of the premaxilla and the egg tooth (semi-transparent), right posterolateral view. Asterisks in E and F show the forming successor of the egg tooth. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figure 4 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 4. The egg tooth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 31. A, transverse histological section through the snout at the level of the egg tooth and forming premaxilla (asterisks), stained with H&E. B, 3D reconstruction of the palate. C, transverse histological section posterior to A, stained with H&E. D, transverse histological section posterior to C, stained with H&E. E, 3D reconstruction of the snout showing the egg tooth and forming premaxilla (asterisks), anterior semi-transparent view. F, microtomographic frontal section through the anterior snout. G, microtomographic frontal section through the anterior snout, ventral to F. Scale bars: 50 μm for histological sections; 500 μm for microtomographic sections.
Figure 7 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 7. The premaxillary teeth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 34. A, labiolingual histological section through the egg tooth, stained with H&E. B, labiolingual histological section through the egg tooth, stained with AZAN trichrome. C, 3D reconstruction of the anterior snout, right lateral semi-transparent view. D, sagittal cutaway of the anterior snout. E, labiolingual histological section through the regular premaxillary tooth, stained with AZAN trichrome. F, labiolingual histological section through the regular premaxillary tooth, stained with H&E. Scale bars: 50 μm for histological sections; 200 μm for 3D reconstructions.
Figure 3 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 3. The egg tooth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 29. A, transverse histological section through the snout at the level of the epithelial thickening of the forming egg tooth, stained with H&E. B, 3D reconstruction of the snout, lateroventral view. C, transverse histological section through the snout posterior to A, showing epithelial thickening of the forming regular premaxillary tooth (arrow). D, sagittal cutaway of the snout, stage 29, but slightly older than in A–C. E, 3D reconstruction of the snout, lateroventral semi-transparent view, stage 29, but slightly older than in A–C. F, transverse histological section through the snout at the level of the egg tooth bud (dotted line) stained with AZAN trichrome, stage 29, but slightly older than in D and E. G, transverse histological section through the snout at the level of the premaxillary dental lamina, stained with AZAN trichrome, posterior to F. Scale bars: 50 μm for histological sections; 500 μm for 3D reconstructions.
Figure 10 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 10. The egg tooth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 36. A, stereomicroscope photomicrograph of the anterior snout, left ventrolateral view (mirrored). B, stereomicroscope photomicrograph of the anterior palate. C, 3D reconstruction of the snout, anterior view. D, scanning electron micrograph of the egg tooth showing a disruption of the enamel organ (arrow), ventral view. E, scanning electron micrograph of the lateral border of the egg tooth showing small bulges (arrowhead). F, scanning electron micrograph of the periderm cells covering the egg tooth. G, scanning electron micrograph of the microridges on the egg tooth periderm cells. Scale bars: 200 μm in A–D; 1 μm in E–G.
Figure 6 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 6. The egg tooth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 34. A, stereomicroscope photomicrograph of the anterior palate. B, 3D reconstruction of the snout, anterior semi-transparent view. C, 3D reconstruction of the palate, anteroventral view. D, scanning electron micrograph of the anterior palate and the egg tooth surface (inset). Scale bars: 100 μm; 1 μm for inset in D.
Figure 2 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 2. Transverse histological section through the snout of a Lacerta agilis embryo, stained with AZAN trichrome; developmental stage 28. A, section at the level of the facial prominence fusion (arrows). B, section at the level of the nasal plug, anterior to A. Scale bars: 50 μm.
Figure 5 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 5. Transverse histological section through the snout of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 32, stained with H&E. A, middle part of the developing egg tooth. B, anterior part of the developing egg tooth. C, posterior part of the developing egg tooth. D, premaxillary regular teeth at bud stage, section posterior to C. Scale bars: 50 μm; 25 μm for inset in B.
Figure 9 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 9. The premaxillary teeth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 35. A, labiolingual histological section through the egg tooth showing the forming attachment tissue (asterisks), stained with AZAN trichrome. B, labiolingual histological section through the egg tooth showing the forming attachment tissue (asterisks), stained with H&E. C, 3D reconstruction of the palate, non-transparent (left) and semitransparent (right) view. D, sagittal cutaway of the anterior snout. E, labiolingual histological section through the regular premaxillary tooth and forming the subsequent premaxillary teeth (arrow), stained with AZAN trichrome. F, labiolingual histological section through the regular premaxillary teeth and primordium of the egg tooth successor (arrowhead), stained with H&E. Scale bars: 50 μm for histological sections; 100 μm for 3D reconstructions.
Figure 1 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 1. Distribution of the egg tooth (teeth) and caruncle in amniotes. The snout drawings, except for Unidentata (based on this study), are based on the literature: Gekkota (Hermyt et al. 2020b), Sphenodon, turtle (Fioroni 1962), bird (Wang et al. 2017), crocodilian (García 2007), and monotreme (Fenelon et al. 2023). Silhouettes are from http://phylopic.org/. Note that this simplified phylogenetic tree assumes the existence of the molecular clades Unidentata (Burbrink et al. 2020) and Archelosauria (Crawford et al. 2015).
Figure 13 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 13. The developmental sequences of the egg tooth, the most advanced regular premaxillary teeth, and the most advanced maxillary teeth.
Figure 12 in Breaking through the eggshell: embryonic development of the premaxillary dentition in Lacerta agilis (Squamata: Unidentata) with special emphasis on the egg tooth
Figure 12. The premaxillary teeth of Lacerta agilis at developmental stage 36. A, 3D reconstruction of the anterior palate including semitransparent view (right). B, labiolingual histological section through the largest regular premaxillary tooth and higher magnification of the collagen fibres of the forming attachment tissue (asterisks in the inset), stained with AZAN trichrome. C, labiolingual histological section through the regular premaxillary teeth showing a reversal line (arrows) between the alveolar bone and premaxilla, stained with H&E. D, labiolingual histological section through the successor of the egg tooth, stained with AZAN trichrome. E, labiolingual histological section through the successor of the egg tooth, stained with H&E. F, transverse histological section through the snout at the level of maxillary and premaxillary dental laminae apposition, stained with H&E. Scale bars: 200 μm in A; 50 μm in B–F.
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