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93 results for “eye evolution”
Figs 45 – 49 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 45 – 49. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 45 – 46. Male and female prosomata, frontal views (arrows point at tiny AME remnants). 47. Male chelicerae. 48 – 49. Male eye triads and ocular processes, oblique frontal and frontal views. Scale bars: 45 – 46, 49 = 200 µm; 47 – 48 = 100 µm.
Figs 2 – 15. Live specimens. 2 – 4 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 2 – 15. Live specimens. 2 – 4. Pa. lanthana, Mt. Isarog, Ƌ, ♀ with eggsac, and penultimate Ƌ. 5. Pa. malagos Huber sp. nov., Ƌ. 6 – 7. Pa. casaroro Huber sp. nov., ƋƋ. 8 – 10. Pa. camiguin Huber sp. nov. 8. ♀ with parasitized eggsac, from Camiguin Island. 9. Ƌ from Bohol Island. 10. Ƌ from Camiguin Island. 11 – 13. Pa. dinagat Huber sp. nov., Ƌ, ♀ with eggsac, and penultimate Ƌ. 14 – 15. Pa. marilog Huber sp. nov., ƋƋ showing color variation.
Fig. 1 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Fig. 1. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious cladograms of Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983 resulting from analyses of the matrix in Appendix 1 using equal character weights, successive weighting, and implicit enumeration. Only unambiguous character changes are shown. A = clade with asymmetric male palps; * = positions of Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. in preliminary cladistic analyses. See Cladistic analysis section for further details.
Figs 17 – 19 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 17 – 19. Panjange malagos Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 12999). 17. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 18 – 19. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; h = hinge; p = procursus; ps = proximal bulbal sclerite; pto = palpal tarsal organ; te = tarsal elongation. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figs 20 – 23 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 20 – 23. Panjange malagos Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 12999). 20 – 21. Right male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 22 – 23. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Coordinated evolution of brain size, structure and eye size in Trinidadian killifish
<p>Brain size, brain architecture, and eye size vary extensively in vertebrates. However, the extent to which the evolution of these components is intricately connected remains unclear. Trinidadian killifish, <em>Anablepsoides hartii</em>, are found in sites that differ in the presence and absence of large predatory fish. Decreased rates of predation are associated with evolutionary shifts in brain size; males from sites without predators have evolved a relatively larger brain and eye size than males from sites with predators. Here, we evaluated the extent to which the evolution of brain size, brain structure, and eye size covary in male killifish. We utilized wild-caught and common garden reared specimens to determine if specific components of the brain have evolved in response to differences in predation and to determine if there is covariation between the evolution of brain size, brain structure, and eye size. We observed consistent shifts in brain architecture in second generation common garden reared, but not wild caught preserved fish. Male killifish from sites that lack predators exhibited a significantly larger telencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum, and dorsal medulla when compared with fish from sites with predators. We also found positive connections between the evolution of brain structure and eye size but not between overall brain size and eye size. These results provide evidence for evolutionary covariation between the components of the brain and eye size. Such results suggest that selection, directly or indirectly, acts upon specific regions of the brain, rather than overall brain size, to enhance visual capabilities.</p>
Fig. 3 a–m in Impact of habitat and life trait on character evolution of pallial eyes in Pectinidae (Mollusca: bivalvia)
Fig. 3 a–m Median sections of pectinid eyes from the ventral part of the mantle of investigated taxa stained after Masson-Goldner. a– c Aequipecten opercularis: overview of whole section (a), detail of pallial pigment epithelium, cornea and lens (b), detail of distal and proximal retina (c); d–f Pecten maximus, overview of whole section (d), detail of cornea and lens (e), detail of distal and proximal retina (f); g–i
Fig. 4 a-m in Impact of habitat and life trait on character evolution of pallial eyes in Pectinidae (Mollusca: bivalvia)
Fig. 4 a-m Median sections of pectinid eyes from the ventral part of the mantle of investigated taxa stained after Masson-Goldner. a– c Talochlamys pusio, overview of whole section (a), detail of cornea and lens (b), detail of distal and proximal retina (c); d–f Palliolum incomparabile, overview of whole section (d), detail of cornea and lens (e), detail of distal and proximal retina (f); g–i Pseudamussium peslutrae,
Fig. 5 in Impact of habitat and life trait on character evolution of pallial eyes in Pectinidae (Mollusca: bivalvia)
Fig. 5 Cladogram of BEAST analysis of investigated taxa (after Malkowsky and Klussmann-Kolb 2012) and character estimation with BayesTraits for life trait (pie chart) and morphological state changes for eye characters. Diagrams showing cross-sections of reconstructed eye for the discussed taxa (see text). Cf Flat cornea, Cc slightly convex cornea, Csc
Figure 3. A in Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic range evolution in cat-eyed snakes, Boiga (Serpentes: Colubridae)
Figure 3. A, BioGeoBEARS geographic range evolution of Boiga under the highest supported model scheme (biogeographic model = DIVALIKE+J, dispersal direction = unconstrained and dispersal rates = faunal similarity). Pie charts at internal nodes indicate the posterior estimate of ancestral geographic distributions and rectangles at tips indicate modern geographic distributions. B, model scheme AIC score (red bar) and corresponding null distribution of AIC scores (grey bars) for each of the five model schemes with biogeographic model = DIVALIKE+J (dispersal rate multipliers either: all equal, random or proportional to faunal similarity; dispersal direction either: constrained or unconstrained). Null AIC distributions and P-values are from permutation tests of dispersal rate multipliers; P <0.05 indicates significantly better model fit under the alternative model scheme compared to permutation set of model schemes; see Supporting Information, Figures S1–5 for results under the other biogeographic models.
Figure 2 in Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic range evolution in cat-eyed snakes, Boiga (Serpentes: Colubridae)
Figure 2. Bayesian inference (BI) time-tree of Boiga. Horizontal bars centred at internal nodes indicate 95% highest posterior density for clade age. Circles indicate posterior probability (PP) and ultrafast bootstrap support (UFBoot) for clades that were not highly supported by BI and/or ML analyses (PP <0.95 and/or UFBoot <95); nodes without circles indicate clades that were highly supported in both BI and ML analyses (PP ≥ 0.95 and UFBoot ≥ 95). Photos: Ishan Agarwal (Boiga beddomei, B. trigonata and B. ochracea), Kin Onn Chan (Boiga melanota, B. drapiezii, B. cynodon and B. cyanea) and Perry L. Wood, Jr (Boiga multomaculata).
Data for: Experimental test of the influence of light availability on the evolution of eye size and behavior in Daphnia
<p>There exists extensive variation in eye size. Much work has provided a connection between light availability and differences in eye size across taxa. Experimental tests of the role of the light environment on the evolution of eye size are lacking. Here we performed a selection experiment that examined the influence of light availability on shifts in eye size and the connection between eye size and phototactic (anti-predator) behavior in <em>Daphnia</em>. We set up replicate experimental populations of <em>Daphnia</em>, repeatedly evaluated phenotypic shifts in eye size during the ~50-day experiment and performed a common garden experiment at the end of the experiment to test for evolutionary shifts in eye size and behavior. Our phenotypic analyses showed that eye size rapidly diverged between the light treatments; relative eye size was consistently larger in the low versus high light treatments. Selection on eye size was also modified by variation in density as increases in <em>Daphnia</em> density favored a larger eye. However, we did not observe differences in eye size between the light treatments following two generations of common garden rearing at the end of the experiment. We instead observed strong shifts in anti-predator behavior. <em>Daphnia</em> from the low light treatment exhibited decreased phototactic responses to light. Our results show that decreased light relaxes selection on anti-predator behavior. Such trends provide new insights into selection on eye size and behavior. </p>
Data for: Experimental test of the influence of light availability on the evolution of eye size and behavior in Daphnia
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Data from: Rapid evolution of asymmetric reproductive incompatibilities in stalk-eyed flies
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Coordinated evolution of brain size, structure and eye size in Trinidadian killifish
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Data from: Surf and Turf Vision: Patterns and predictors of visual acuity in compound eye evolution
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Data from: The evolution of eye size in response to increased fish predation in Daphnia
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Data from: Rapid parallel evolution of aberrant traits in the diversification of the Gulf of Guinea white-eyes (Aves, Zosteropidae)
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Data from: Floral colour change in the eyes of pollinators: testing possible constraints and correlated evolution
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Data from: The evolution of vertebrate eye size across an environmental gradient: phenotype does not predict genotype in a Trinidadian killifish
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