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1,947 results for “fate”
Reactivity, fate and functional roles of dissolved organic matter in anoxic inland waters
<p class="Textkrper1">The transit of organic matter (OM) through the aquatic compartment of its global cycle has been intensively studied, traditionally with a focus on the processing and degradation of its dissolved fraction (DOM). Because this is so intimately related to oxidation, the notion tenaciously persists that where dioxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) is absent, DOM turnover is markedly slowed. In this Opinion Piece, we outline how diverse processes shape, transform and degrade DOM also in anoxic aquatic environments, and we focus here on inland waters as a particular case study. A suite of biogeochemical DOM functions that have received comparatively little attention may only be expressed in anoxic conditions, and may result in enhanced biogeochemical roles of these deoxygenated habitats on a network scale.</p>
Data from: Fate of the soil seed bank of giant ragweed and its significance in preventing and controlling its invasion in grasslands
<p>Pollen of giant ragweed (GR), an annual non-native invasive weed, causes serious respiratory allergies in some humans and animals. Chemical control of GR in grassland can produce toxic side effects in herbs and livestock. This paper discusses methods used to prevent infestation and to control this species by analyzing the soil seed bank (SSB) and limiting the invasiveness of GR.</p> <p>By studying GR distributed in grassland of the Yili Valley, Xinjiang, China, this paper compares the spatial and temporal changes of seed density along with seed germination, dormancy, and death at different times after invasion and in different soil layers. The study analyzed population characteristics over time, seed fate, and control methods for this species with the goal of reducing the of SSB density of GR.</p> <p>The SSB of GR in grassland occurs mainly in the 0–5 cm soil layer but also to depths of 15 cm. Seed density in the SSB decreased by 68.1% to 82.01% from the seed maturity period to the early non-fertile period. >98.7% of the seeds rotten, eaten, germinated, dispersed or died within one year after being produced. The seed germination rate of the SBB decreased with an increasing number of years after invasion. When stored for 1 or 4 years, seed germination rates fell by 40%, during which time seed mortality increased by almost 40%. When GR was completely eradicated for 2 consecutive years, the SSB and population densities decreased by >99%.</p> <p>The vast majority of GR seeds germinated or died within one year; long term dry storage also significantly decreased the germination rate. Newly produced seeds are the main source of seeds in the SSB; seeds have a strong ability to germinate. Therefore, thoroughly eradicating GR plants for several years before the seeds can mature provides an effective control method in grasslands.</p>
Shield & spear of fate
For fun. **[Medieval shield & spear](https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/medieval-shield-spear-d253b364f61c433b9dad6b028c9dd40e)** # **[ArtStation](https://www.artstation.com/artwork/J9Q2ka)** *Blender (2.91), Substance Painter (2020.2.2*) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Griffin Grasping Nemesis' Wheel of Fate
"The Roman goddess of fate and revenge, Nemesis, was the personification of godly punishment for those guilty of pride. She was first portrayed as a female figure beside the wheel of fate and a griffin, a horned, winged creature with a beak and the body of a lion. Over time, however, she lost her anthropomorphic character and these two images came to represent the goddess in and of themselves. During the Roman Period, Nemesis rose in popularity- particularly among soldiers, who brought her cult to the Land. The base of the sculpture bears a greek inscription that reads "Year 522, I, Mercurios, son of Alexander, dedicate [this statue[ during my priesthood."" Photographed in the Israel Museum Erez, Northern Negev 210-211 CE Marable Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
A hierarchical model for eDNA fate and transport dynamics accommodating low concentration samples
<p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is an increasingly important tool for answering ecological questions and informing aquatic species management . Challenges of using eDNA include determining species source location(s) and accurately and precisely measuring low concentration eDNA samples, especially considering inhibitory compounds and multiple sources of ecological and measurement variability. These challenges must be overcome to optimize our use of modeling frameworks like the eDNA Integrating Transport and Hydrology (eDITH) model. To better understand eDNA fate and transport dynamics, our ability to estimate parameters within the eDITH framework, and our ability to reliably quantify low concentration samples, we developed a hierarchical model and used it to evaluate a fate and transport experiment. Our model addresses several low concentration challenges by modeling the number of copies in each PCR replicate as latent variables with a count distribution and conditioning detection and quantification on replicate copy number. We provide evidence that the eDNA removal rate was not constant through time, estimating that over 80% of eDNA was removed over the first 10 m, traversed in 41 seconds. After this initial period of rapid decay, eDNA decayed slowly with consistent detection through our furthest site 1km from the release location, traversed in 250 seconds. We show that the eDITH model parameters can be difficult to estimate in this scenario. Our model further allowed us to detect extra-Poisson variation in the allocation of copies to replicates. Despite not observing evidence for inhibition as typically quantified using internal positive controls in conjunction with a binary decision rule (e.g., $\Delta$Cq>3), we hypothesized this overdispersion could be due to inhibitors. We extended our hierarchical model to accommodate a continuous effect of inhibitors, and used our model to provide evidence for the inhibitor hypothesis and explore the implications, if true. We show that inhibitors can cause substantial underestimation of eDNA site concentration, bias eDITH model parameter estimates, and attribute measurement variability erroneously to ecological variability. While our model is not a panacea for all challenges faced when quantifying low eDNA concentrations, it provides a framework for a more complete accounting of uncertainty that can be further tested and refined.</p>
The yin and yang of hsa-miR-1244 expression levels during activation of the UPR control cell fate - Raw data for label-free holographic microscopy
<p>Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis plays a critical role in maintaining cell survival. When ER stress occurs, a network of three pathways called the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to reestablish homeostasis. While it is known that there is cross-talk between these pathways, how this complex network is regulated is not entirely clear. Using human cancer and non-cancer cell lines, two different genome-wide approaches, and two different ER stress models, we searched for miRNAs that were decreased during the UPR and surprisingly found only one, miR-1244, that was found in all these conditions. The activation of both UPR adaptive and apoptotic signaling pathway was confirmed by parallel genome-wide mRNA expression arrays for Calu 3 cells and next generation sequencing for 16HBE14o- cells. We also verified that ER-stress related downregulation of miR-1244 expression occurred with 5 different ER stressors and was confirmed in another human cell line (HeLa S3). These analyses demonstrated that the outcome of this reduction during ER stress supported both IRE1 signaling and elevated BIP expression. Further analysis also revealed that this novel miRNA impacted all three pathways of the UPR using inhibitors specific for IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. This is the first example of a complex mechanism by which this miRNA serves as a regulatory check point for all 3 pathways that is switched off after UPR activation. In summary, the results indicate that ER stress reduction of <em>miR-1244 </em>expression contributes to the pro-survival arm of UPR.</p> <p>For real-time monitoring of cell viability, we applied real-time and label-free holographic microscopy-based monitoring of cell death and viability using HoloMonitor M4<strong>®</strong> time-lapse cytometer (Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, Lund, Sweden). Holographic microscopy was used to follow the optical thickness and irregularity of cells exposed for up to 24 h to Tm or Tg in the presence or absence of <em>miR-1244 </em>mimic or antagomiR. The images from up to 8 independent optical fields were collected and analyzed according to manufacture instructions with HoloMonitor® App Suite software. Healthy cells are irregular in shape and thin, whereas dying cells are round and thick . For all analysis, the same cells parameters qualification was applied.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Figure 4. Overexpression of </strong><strong>miR-1244 promotes cell death. </strong>The results of real-time monitoring of cell viability are shown with the real time and label free holographic microscopy using a HoloMonitor M4<strong>®</strong> time-lapse cytometer of HeLa cells transfected with <em>miR-1244</em> mimic or inhibitor or the scramble control and 48 h later monitored up to 24 h. Images were collected every 15 min (from 8 independent optical fields), and the distribution of live (blue) and dying cells (red) based on their optical thickness (Y-axes) and irregularity (X-axes) is presented at the 0, 8, 16 and 24 h time points. The images from up to 5 independent optical fields were collected and analyzed according to manufacturer’s instructions with HoloMonitor® App Suite software. Representative samples are shown (<strong>A</strong>). For all analyses, the same cell parameter qualifications were applied. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Based on the cells irregularity and average optical thickness the percentages of healthy cells (<strong>B</strong>) and of dying cells (<strong>C</strong>) were calculated. Data represents the mean ± SE of three independent experiments. *<em>P</em>< 0.05, **<em>P</em>< 0.001, ***<em>P</em>< 0.0001 were considered significant.</p> <p><strong>Figure 5. </strong><strong>miR-1244 influences the fate of cells challenged with Tm induced ER stress. </strong>The results of real-time monitoring of cell viability with the real time and label free holographic microscopy are shown using a HoloMonitor M4<strong>®</strong> time-lapse cytometer of HeLa cells transfected with <em>miR-1244</em> mimic or inhibitor or the scramble control and 48 h later treated with Tm (2.5 µg/ml) up to 24 h. Images were collected every 15 min (from 5 independent optical fields), and the distribution of live (blue) and dying cells (red) based on their optical thickness (Y-axes) and irregularity (X-axes) is presented at the 0, 8, 16 and 24 h time points. The images from up to 5 independent optical fields were collected and analyzed according to manufacturer’s instructions with HoloMonitor® App Suite software. Representative samples are shown (<strong>A</strong>). For all analyses, the same cell parameter qualifications were applied. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Based on the cells irregularity and average optical thickness the percentages of healthy cells (<strong>B</strong>) and of dying cells (<strong>C</strong>) were calculated. <a name="OLE_LINK3"></a>Data represents the mean ± SE of three independent experiments. *<em>P</em>< 0.05, **<em>P</em>< 0.001, ***<em>P</em>< 0.0001 were considered significant.</p> <p><strong>Figure 6. Exogenous </strong><strong>miR-1244 influences the fate of cells challenged with Tg induced ER stress. </strong>The results of real-time monitoring of cell viability with the real time and label free holographic microscopy are shown using a HoloMonitor M4<strong>®</strong> time-lapse cytometer of HeLa cells transfected with <em>miR-1244</em> mimic or inhibitor or the scramble control and 48 h later treated with Tg (500 nM) up to 24 h. Images were collected every 15 min (from 5 independent optical fields), and the distribution of live (blue) and dying cells (red) based on their optical thickness (Y-axes) and irregularity (X-axes) is presented at the 0, 8, 16 and 24 h time points. The images from up to 5 independent optical fields were collected and analyzed according to manufacturer’s instructions with HoloMonitor® App Suite software. Representative samples are shown (<strong>A</strong>). For all analyses, the same cell parameter qualifications were applied. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Based on the cells irregularity and average optical thickness the percentages of healthy cells (<strong>B</strong>) and of dying cells (<strong>C</strong>) were calculated. Data represents the mean ± SE of three independent experiments. *<em>P</em>< 0.05, **<em>P</em>< 0.001, ***<em>P</em>< 0.0001 were considered significant.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from 90-day quantitative inhalation toxicology study evaluating the dose-response and fate in the lung and pleura of chrysotile-containing brake dust
<p>The final results from this multi-dose, 90-day inhalation toxicology study in the rat with life-time post-exposure observation have shown a significant fundamental difference in pathological response and tumorgenicity between brake dust generated from brake pads manufactured with chrysotile or from chrysotile alone in comparison to the amphiboles, crocidolite and amosite asbestos.</p> <p>The groups exposed to brake dust showed no significant pathological or tumorigenic response in the respiratory track compared to the air control group at exposure concentrations and deposited doses well above those at which humans have been exposed. Slight alveolar/interstitial macrophage accumulation of particles was noted. Wagner grades were 1–2 (1 = control group), similar to the TiO2 particle control group. Chrysotile was not biopersistent, exhibiting in the lung a deterioration of its matrix which results in breakage into particles and short fibers which can be cleared by alveolar macrophages and which can continue to dissolve. Particle-laden macrophage accumulation was observed, leading to a very-slight interstitial inflammatory response (Wagner grade 1–3). There was no peribronchiolar inflammation, occasional very-slight interstitial fibrosis (Wagner grade 4), and no exposure-related tumorigenic response.</p> <p>The pathological response of crocidolite and amosite compared to the brake dust and chrysotile was clearly differentiated by the histopathology and the confocal analysis. Crocidolite and amosite induced persistent inflammation, microgranulomas, persistent fibrosis (Wagner grades 4), and a dose-related lung tumor response. Confocal microscopy quantified extensive inflammatory response and collagen development in the lung, visceral and parietal pleura as well as pleural adhesions.</p> <p>These results provide a clear foundation for differentiating the innocuous effects of brake dust exposure from the adverse effects following amphibole asbestos exposure.</p>
Modelling the origin, fate, and ecological and health impacts of heavy metals from an abandoned mercury mine in a paradise island in the Philippines
<p>This document contains supplementary tables for the article entitled "Modelling the origin, fate, and ecological and health impacts of heavy metals from an abandoned mercury mine in a paradise island in the Philippines"</p>
Seaside Sparrow nest location, fate, and nest predator distribution data
<p>Nest failure for coastal marsh bird species is primarily caused by predation and nest flooding. As sea level rise makes nest flooding more likely, the threat of nest predation will constrain the potential adaptive responses of marsh nesting species. Thus, understanding the predictors of nest predation is important for the conservation of salt marsh-dwelling bird species, such as Seaside Sparrows (<em>Ammospiza maritima</em>; SESP). Predator activity may be influenced by landscape features (particularly habitat edges), potentially making nest predation predictable. We aimed to understand the predictability of SESP nest predation relative to two major landscape features: roads and tidal rivers, as both of these edges may be entryways or attractants for predators in marshes. In coastal Georgia, USA, we assessed mammalian predator activity relative to the two features of interest, and hypothesized that mammalian predator activity would be greater close to roads and tidal rivers. We also recorded SESP nest locations and nest predation events and hypothesized that nest predation events would increase with increasing predator activity. Consistent with our first hypothesis, mammalian predator activity increased close to roads and tidal rivers, but mammalian predator distribution did not explain the spatial variation in SESP nest predation thus not supporting our second hypothesis. SESP also placed their nests in locations with high mammalian predator activity, indicating that the ability to avoid nesting in high-risk areas may be constrained by habitat or resource limitations. Additionally, mammals may not be the primary nest predators, as we found that one bird species (Marsh Wren, <em>Cistothorus palustris</em>) contributed substantially to nest predation rates. Understanding the predictability of mammalian predator distribution can allow for focused predator management efforts, such as exclusion, to habitat edges where we found the highest mammalian predator activity, which could relax the constraint of nest predation on SESP's ability to respond to the intensifying threat of sea level rise.</p>
Experimental constraints on the fate of subducted sedimentary nitrogen in the reduced mantle
<p>Dataset for "Experimental constraints on the fate of subducted sedimentary nitrogen in the reduced mantle".</p>
Molecular Level Estimation of the Composition and Fate of Dissolved Organic Matter in Fire-Impacted Temperate and Subtropical Peatlands
<p>Calculated values of optical (UV-visible and fluorescence) spectroscopy parameters and molecular formulas determined by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry for dissolved organic matter (DOM) in porewaters from a temperate and sub-tropical peatland. These data were used to generate figures in a manuscript submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences.</p>
Linking animal behaviour and tree recruitment: Caching decisions by a scatter hoarder corvid determine seed fate in a Mediterranean agroforestry system
<p><span>1. Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarder corvids is key for the establishment of important tree species from the Holarctic region such as the walnut (<em>Juglans regia</em>). However, the factors that drive animal decisions to cache seeds in specific locations and the consequences of these decisions on seed fate are poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>2. We experimentally created four distinct, replicated habitat types in a Mediterranean agricultural landscape where the Eurasian magpie (<em>Pica</em> <em>pica</em>) is a common scatter-hoarder: soft bare soil; compacted bare soil; compacted soil with a dense herbaceous cover; and soft linear bare soil made up of the irrigation furrows that separated the rest of the treatments. We also experimentally placed visual landmarks (stones, sticks, and bunches of dry plants) to test if magpies use them to place seed caches. Walnut dispersal from feeders to the habitats was monitored by radio-tracking and camera traps. </span></p> <p><span>3. A sowing experiment simulating natural caches tested the effect of caching type on seed germination and seedling emergence. Seed mass was controlled for the dispersal and sowing experiments.</span></p> <p><span>4. Magpies selected the two habitats with soft soil, and avoided the one with compacted soil, to cache nuts. Seed mass did not affect dispersal distance, germination, or emergence; however, heavier seeds were cached more often under litter and in the habitat with herbaceous cover, whereas lighter seeds were more often buried in the soft bare soil habitat. Seed burial under soil or litter determined seed fate, as there was virtually no emergence from unburied nuts. There was no evidence of any effect of the visual landmarks.</span></p> <p>5. Synthesis. The consequences of seed caching for seedling early establishment are driven by a fine decision-making process of the disperser. Magpies seemed to ponder the characteristics of the habitat and the seed itself to determine where and how to cache each nut. By doing so, magpies reinforced the quality of seed dispersal effectiveness, as they cached walnuts in locations that enhanced both seed survival and seedling emergence.</p>
Fig. 1 in Climate change and the fate of endemic Beyşehir Frog, Pelophylax caralitanus
Fig. 1. Turkish Lake District and species presence data.
The fate of the spin polaron in the 1D antiferromagnets
<div> <div>The stability of the spin polaron quasiparticle, well established in studies of a single hole in the 2D antiferromagnets, is investigated in the 1D antiferromagnets using a <em>t-J</em> model. We perform an exact slave fermion transformation to the holon-magnon basis, and diagonalize numerically the resulting model in the presence of a single hole. We demonstrate that the spin polaron collapses - and the spin-charge separation takes over - due to the specific role played by the magnon-magnon interactions <em>and</em> the magnon hard-core constraint in the 1D <em>t-J</em> model. Moreover, we prove that the spin polaron is stable for any strength of the magnon-magnon interaction other than the unique value found in a 1D antiferromagnet with the continuous symmetry of the spin interactions. Fine-tuning to this unique value is extremely unlikely to occur in <em>quasi</em>-1D antiferromagnets, therefore the spin polaron is the stable quasiparticle of realistic 1D materials. Our results lead to a new interpretation of the ARPES spectra of <em>quasi</em>-1D antiferromagnets in the spin polaron language.</div> </div>
Data from: Caenorhabditis elegans germ granules accumulate hundreds of low translation mRNAs with no systematic preference for germ cell fate regulators
<p>In animals with germ plasm, embryonic germline precursors inherit germ granules, condensates proposed to regulate mRNAs coding for germ cell fate determinants. In <em>C. elegans</em>, mRNAs are recruited to germ granules by MEG-3, a sequence non-specific RNA-binding protein that forms stabilizing interfacial clusters on germ granules. Using fluorescent <em>in situ </em>hybridization, we confirmed that 441 MEG-3-bound transcripts distribute in a pattern consistent with enrichment in germ granules. 13 are related to transcripts reported in germ granules in <em>Drosophila</em> or <em>Nasonia</em>. The majority, however, are low-translation maternal transcripts required for embryogenesis that are not maintained preferentially in the nascent germline. Granule enrichment raises the concentration of certain transcripts in germ plasm but is not essential to regulate mRNA translation or stability. Our findings suggest that only a minority of germ granule-associated transcripts contribute to germ cell fate in <em>C. elegans</em> and that the vast majority function as non-specific scaffolds for MEG-3.</p>
Inlists for "Rethinking Thorne-Żytkow Object Formation: The Fate of X-ray Binary LMC X-4 and Implications for Ultra-long Gamma-ray Bursts"
<div> <div> <div> <p>We use the MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST) package (Dotter 2016; Choi et al. 2016) with MESA v7503 (Paxton et al. 2011, 2013, 2015) and mesasdk x86_64-linux-20141212 revision 245. </p> </div> </div> </div>
Data accompanying "In silico analysis of the profilaggrin sequence indicates alterations in the stability, degradation route, and intracellular protein fate in filaggrin null mutation carriers" article.
<p>This research was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, grant PRELUDIUM number 2021/41/N/NZ1/03473 to NS, National Science Centre, Poland, grant SONATA BIS number 2019/34/E/NZ6/00354 to DG-O, as well as POIR.04.04.00-00-21FA/16–00 grant, carried out within the First TEAM programme of the Foundation for Polish Science co-financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund (awarded to DG-O). WP was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, grant SONATA-BIS number 2021/42/E/NZ1/00190. SB is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (220875/Z/20/Z).</p>
Dataset: Seed fate, seedling establishment and the role of propagule size in forest regeneration under climate change conditions
<p>This repository contains the files associated with the following article:</p> <p>Badano EI and EJ Sánchez-Montes de Oca. Seed fate, seedling establishment and the role of propagule size in forest regeneration under climate change conditions. <em>Forest ecology and Management</em> 503, Article 119776. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119776">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119776</a></p> <p>The first Microsoft Excel file contains a single sheet with the data used to assess whether seed biomass relates with the fresh weight of acorns in the two studied oak species (<em>Quercus viminea</em> and <em>Quercus eduardii</em>). The second Microsoft Excel file contains five sheets with the microclimatic data (photosynthetic photon flux density, air and soil temperature, rainfall and volumetric soil water content) measured at controls under the current climate and climate change simulation plots located in the forest and the abandoned field of each experimental site. The third Microsoft Excel file contains a single sheet with the results of the seed fate experiments. For each oak species, these databases indicate the fresh weight of each acorn and the respective fate of its seed (parasitized by insects, infested by fungi, desiccated or germinated) in controls under the current climate and climate change simulation plots located in forests and abandoned fields. Finally, the fourth Microsoft Excel file contains a single sheet with the results of the seedling development experiments. For each oak species, these databases indicate the fresh weight of each acorn with the respective shoot emergence date of the seedling, the date of seedling dead and the aboveground net growth rate of the seedling in controls under the current climate and climate change simulation plots located in forests and abandoned fields.</p>
Dataset for "The 21st-century fate of the Mocho-Choshuenco ice cap in southern Chile"
<p>Dataset for the paper "The 21st-century fate of the Mocho-Choshuenco ice cap in southern Chile", <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3637-2021">published in The Cryosphere</a>. For more information, please refer to the readme file, the metadata of the nc-files, and the paper.</p>
FIGURE 1 in The Fate And Status Of The Supposed Fossil Tick Ixodes Tertiarius Scudder, 1885
FIGURE 1: Facsimile copy of a drawing of Ixodes tertiarius Scudder, 1885 from the Eocene of Green River, Wyoming, USA; reproduced from Scudder (1890, Pl. VI, fig. 12). While possibly a mite, the illustration does not reveal any obvious characters of Ixodes, or of Ixodida in general. Since the type is missing, presumed lost (see text), the name is treated here as a nomen dubium.
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