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209 results for “fighting”
Data from: Fighting through the heat: How male aggression influences demography under recurrent heatwaves
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Data from: Fighting over food unites the birds of North America in a continental dominance hierarchy
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Data from: Mate competition and relatedness among males mediate the evolution of lethal fights in bulb mites
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Web wars: Males of the golden orb-web spider invest more in fights for mated and aggregated females
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Data from: Stalk-eyed flies carrying a driving X chromosome compensate by increasing fight intensity
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Defensive structures influence fighting outcomes
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Trade-offs between immunity and competitive ability in fighting ant males
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Fight not flight: Parasites drive the bacterial evolution of resistance, not escape
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Fighting investment of Neolamprologus pulcher after receiving single, reinforcing, and contradictory contest experiences
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Perceived and actual fighting ability: determinants of success via decision, knockout or submission in human combat sports
Animal contest theory assumes individuals to possess accurate information about their own fighting ability or resource holding potential (RHP) and, under some models, that of their opponent. However, due to the difficulty of disentangling perceived and actual RHP in animals, how accurately individuals are able to assess RHP remains relatively unknown. Furthermore, it is not just individuals within a fight that evaluate RHP. Third party observers evaluate the fight performance of conspecifics in order to make behavioural decisions. In human combat sports, when fights remain unresolved at the end of the allotted time, bystanders take a more active role, with judges assigning victory based on their assessment of each fighter's performance. Here, we use fight data from mixed martial arts in order to investigate whether perceived fighting performance (judges' decisions) and actual fighting success (fights ending in knock out or submission) are based on the same performance traits, specifically striking skill and vigour. Our results indicate that both performance traits are important for victory, but that vigour is more important for fights that resolve naturally. These results suggest that while similar traits are important for fighting success across the board, vigour is undervalued in judges' perceptions of RHP.
Data from: How to fight multiple enemies: target-specific chemical defences in an aposematic moth
Animals have evolved different defensive strategies to survive predation, among which chemical defences are particularly widespread and diverse. Here we investigate the function of chemical defence diversity, hypothesising that such diversity has evolved as a response to multiple enemies. The aposematic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) displays conspicuous hindwing colouration and secretes two distinct defensive fluids, from their thoracic glands and abdomen. We presented fluids from lab-reared moths to two biologically relevant predators, birds and ants, and measured their reaction in controlled bioassays (no information on colour was provided). We found that defensive fluids are target-specific: thoracic fluids, and particularly the 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine (SBMP) which they contain, deterred birds, but caused no aversive response in ants. In contrast, abdominal fluids were particularly deterrent to ants, while birds did not find them repellent. Our study is the first to show evidence of a single species producing separate chemical defences targeted to different predator types, highlighting the importance of taking into account complex predator communities in studies on the evolution of prey defence diversity.
Data from: Integrated network analysis identifies fight-club nodes as a class of hubs encompassing key putative switch genes that induce major transcriptome reprogramming during grapevine development
We developed an approach that integrates different network-based methods to analyze the correlation network arising from large-scale gene expression data. By studying grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) gene expression atlases and a grapevine berry transcriptomic data set during the transition from immature to mature growth, we identified a category named "fight-club hubs" characterized by a marked negative correlation with the expression profiles of neighboring genes in the network. A special subset named "switch genes" was identified, with the additional property of many significant negative correlations outside their own group in the network. Switch genes are involved in multiple processes and include transcription factors that may be considered master regulators of the previously reported transcriptome remodeling that marks the developmental shift from immature to mature growth. All switch genes, expressed at low levels in vegetative/green tissues, showed a significant increase in mature/woody organs, suggesting a potential regulatory role during the developmental transition. Finally, our analysis of tomato gene expression data sets showed that wild-type switch genes are downregulated in ripening-deficient mutants. The identification of known master regulators of tomato fruit maturation suggests our method is suitable for the detection of key regulators of organ development in different fleshy fruit crops.
Data from: Fighting in rounds: males of a Neotropical cricket switch assessment strategies during contests
How animals decide to withdraw from contests is central to understand the evolution of fighting behavior. Game theory models suggest two major types of decision criteria: 1) self-assessment, where individuals withdraw when they reach a cost-threshold determined by their own fighting ability that may or may not be affected by injuries, or 2) mutual assessment, where the decision is based on information about the relative fighting ability of the opponents. Many empirical studies have assumed that opponents use a single strategy throughout the whole fight. However, they often find partial support for a specific model. This might be due to individuals changing their strategy between phases of a contest. In this work, we addressed this issue by evaluating if males of the cricket Melanotes ornata switch their assessment strategy between phases. We used hind femur length as a proxy for fighting ability, as it was the attribute most strongly associated with contest outcome. Overall fight duration was positively associated with the loser's femur length and negatively associated with the winner's femur length, while the probability of escalation to physical aggression was negatively related to the difference in femur between opponents. However, such relationships held only at the first contest phase. During the escalated phase, fight duration was only correlated (although weakly) with femur length of losers. These results indicate that M. ornata males perform mutual assessment in the initial phase but switch their assessment strategy when fights escalate, suggesting a single strategy does not correctly explain how contests are settled.
Data from: Feed or fight: testing the impact of food availability and intraspecific aggression on the functional ecology of an island lizard
Body size often varies among insular populations relative to continental conspecifics – the 'island rule' – and functional, context-dependent morphological differences tend to track this body size variation on islands. Two hypotheses are often proposed as potential drivers of insular population differences in morphology: one relating to diet and the other involving intraspecific competition and aggression. We directly tested whether differences in morphology and maximum bite capacity were explained by interisland changes in hardness of both available and consumed prey, and levels of lizard-to-lizard aggression among small-island populations. Our study included 11 islands in the Greek Cyclades and made use of a gradient in island area spanning five orders of magnitude. We focused on the widespread lizard Podarcis erhardii. We found that on smaller islands, P. erhardii body size was larger, head height was larger relative to body size, and maximum bite capacity became proportionally stronger. This pattern in morphology and performance was not related to differences in diet, but was highly correlated with proxies of intraspecific aggression – bite scars and missing toes. Our findings suggest that critical functional traits such as body size and bite force in P. erhardii follow the predictions of the island rule and are changing in response to changes in the competitive landscape across islands of different sizes.
FIGURE 6 in Betta mahachaiensis, a new species of bubble-nesting fighting fish (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) from Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand
FIGURE 6. Habitat of Betta mahachaiensis in Samut Sakhon province, Thailand: (a) Nipa palm forest behind a food factory (Type Locality) (30 Apr. 2011); (b) Water held in the pocket phytotelma of the nipa palm bract as spawning space and the fish (THNHM-F-01632) caught from it (30 Apr. 2011); (c) The fish (THNHM-F-01655) and bubble nest in a pocket of a nipa palm bract (29 May 2011).
FIGURE 3 in Betta mahachaiensis, a new species of bubble-nesting fighting fish (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) from Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand
FIGURE 3. Betta mahachaiensis: (a) live male (acclimatized), paratype, THNHM-F-01658, 35.5 mm SL; (b) live female (acclimatized), paratype, THNHM-F-01554, 27.1 mm SL.
FIGURE 4 in Betta mahachaiensis, a new species of bubble-nesting fighting fish (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) from Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand
FIGURE 4. Close-ups of heads & opercle patterns of live males: (a) Betta splendens, THNHM-F-01703; (b) Betta imbellis, THNHM-F-01560; (c) Betta mahachaiensis, THNHM-F-01632; (d) Betta smaragdina, THNHM-F-01778; (e) Betta stiktos, THNHM-F-01824.
FIGURE 2 in Betta mahachaiensis, a new species of bubble-nesting fighting fish (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) from Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand
FIGURE 2. Betta mahachaiensis: (a) schematic drawing of a specimen, an adult male, paratype, THNHM-F-01622, 35.2 mm SL; (b) photograph of live adult male displaying aggression, paratype, THNHM-F-01623, 36.7 mm SL (note that gill covers are open, displaying the red gills, which are not the red bars on the opercle).
FIGURE 1 in Betta mahachaiensis, a new species of bubble-nesting fighting fish (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) from Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand
FIGURE 1. Betta mahachaiensis, THNHM-F-01630, male, holotype, 37.4 mm SL, GenBank Accession Numbers: JQ818561 (COI), JQ818652 (ITS1).
FIGURE 5 in Betta mahachaiensis, a new species of bubble-nesting fighting fish (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) from Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand
FIGURE 5. (a) Map of Thailand showing Betta mahachaiensis catch sites (encompassed by the small rectangle in the middle) in the central part of Thailand (C-Central, N-North, S-South, W-West, E-East, and NE-Northeast); (b) Catch (stars) of Betta mahachaiensis between years 2007 and 2012, twenty-eight sites in Samut Sakhon province and two sites in west of Bangkok.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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