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115 results for “fine roots”
The coordination between leaf and fine root litter decomposition and the difference of their controlling factors
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The covariation between soil microbial communities and multidimensional fine-root economics space
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Factors influencing fine root decomposition rate in response to nitrogen addition vary across root characteristics
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Fine root respiration on the floodplain in Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest
This dataset comtains soil temperature, Root Respiration, and root nitrogen.
Fine root dynamics along an elevational gradient in the southern Appalachian mountains in the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1993 to 1994
The seasonal dynamics of root mass were measured on five gradient plots by harvesting roots.
Data from: Climate and soil nutrients differentially drive multidimensional fine root traits in ectomycorrhizal‐dominated alpine coniferous forests
<ol> <li><span><span>Fine root traits vary greatly with environmental changes, but the understanding of root-trait variation and its drivers is limited over broad geographical scales, especially for ectomycorrhizal (ECM)-dominated conifers in alpine forests. Herein, the covariation patterns of and environmental controls for fine root traits among ECM-dominated conifers were examined to test whether and how climate and soil nutrients differentially affect fine root trait variations.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Eight traits of first- and second-order roots were measured, i.e., root diameter (RD), specific root length (SRL), branching intensity (BRI), root tissue density (RTD), mycorrhizal colonization rate (MCR), and concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), across 76 alpine coniferous populations on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Our results showed that variations of the fine root traits fell into two major dimensions: the first dimension (32.39% of the total variance) was mainly represented by RD and SRL, potentially conveying a tradeoff between root lifespan and efficiency of resource foraging; the second dimension (23.70% of the variance) represented coordinated variation for root nutrients (i.e., N and P) and RTD, which depicts the conservation-acquisition tradeoff in resource uptake, i.e., root economic spectrum (RES). Variations in RD and SRL were mainly driven by climatic variables, characterized by a significant increase in RD and a decrease in SRL with increasing mean annual precipitation. In contrast, variations in fine root nutrients (i.e., N and P) and RTD were primarily driven by soil fertility, showing a significant increase in root N and P concentrations but a decrease in RTD with increasing soil resource levels.</span></span></li> <li><span><span><i>Synthesis. </i>Our study clearly shows two distinct dimensions of the variation of fine root traits in ECM-dominated alpine coniferous forests, providing further evidence of the inherent multidimensionality of root traits. Moreover, our findings highlight different roles of climatic and soil variables in driving the variation of fine root traits, potentially leading to the multidimensionality of root traits. This study provides new insights for understanding and predicting shifts in plant belowground strategies in climate-sensitive alpine forests worldwide.</span></span></li> </ol>
Data from: Effects of species diversity on fine root productivity increase with stand development and associated mechanisms in a boreal forest
There is a growing interest in understanding the relationship between diversity and below-ground productivity due to the critical contribution of below-ground systems to overall terrestrial productivity. Yet, the temporal (seasonal and developmental) changes in diversity effects on below-ground productivity and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that (i) diversity effects on fine root productivity increase with stand development, and (ii) increased diversity effects associated with stand development result from augmented horizontal soil space utilization, increased forest floor depth for rooting, enhanced effects in nutrient-poor soil layers and/or foraging towards high nutrient availability. We investigated the effects of tree species diversity on fine root productivity by sampling 18 stands dominated by single species and their mixtures in post-fire boreal forests of two stand ages (8 and 34 years following stand-replacing fire). Species evenness was significantly higher in species mixtures than in single-species-dominated stands at both age classes, while species richness did not differ across stand types and age classes. We found that the annual fine root production was higher in mixtures than the mean of single-species-dominated stands in both stand ages, with a significantly higher magnitude of effects in the 34-year-old than 8-year-old stands. Mixtures had higher horizontal soil volume filling than single-species-dominated stands with a more pronounced increase in the 34-year-old than 8-year-old stands. Compared with the 8-year-old stands, the 34-year-old stands had increased forest floor depth and greater overyielding with soil depth, and their fine root productivity was more responsive to the vertical variation in soil phosphorus concentrations among soil layers. Synthesis. Our results provide evidence for increasing positive diversity effects on fine root productivity with stand development in heterogeneous natural forests. Moreover, our results indicate that the increased positive diversity effects with stand development was the result of multiple mechanisms, including higher horizontal soil volume filling, a thicker forest floor layer for rooting, a higher magnitude of complementarity in nutrient-poor deep soil layers and stronger nutrient foraging towards soil layers with high nutrient concentrations in older than younger stands.
Data from: Fine-root exploitation strategies differ in tropical old-growth and logged-over forests in Ghana
Understanding the changes in root exploitation strategies during post-logging recovery is important for predicting forest productivity and carbon dynamics in tropical forests. We sampled fine (diameter < 2 mm) roots using the soil-core method to quantify fine-root biomass, and architectural and morphological traits to determine root exploitation strategies in an old-growth forest and in a 54-year-old logged-over forest influenced by similar parent material and climate. Seven root traits were considered: four associated with resource exploitation potential or an 'extensive' strategy (fine-root biomass, length, surface area and volume); and three traits which reflect exploitation efficiency or an 'intensive' strategy (specific root area, specific root length and root tissue density). We found that total fine-root biomass, length, surface area, volume, and fine-root tissue density were higher in the logged-over forest, whereas the old-growth forest had higher total specific root length and specific root surface area than the logged-over forest. The results suggest different root exploitation strategies between the forests. Plants in the old-growth forest invest root biomass more efficiently to maximize soil volume explored, whereas plants in the logged-over forest increase the spatial distribution of roots resulting in the expansion of the rhizosphere.
Data from: Arctic fungal communities associated with roots of Bistorta vivipara do not respond to the same fine-scale edaphic gradients as the above-ground vegetation
Soil conditions and microclimate are important determinants of the fine-scale distribution of plant species in the Arctic, creating locally heterogeneous vegetation. We hypothesize that root-associated fungal (RAF) communities respond to the same fine-scale environmental gradients as the aboveground vegetation, creating a coherent pattern between aboveground vegetation and RAF. We explored how RAF communities of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plant Bistorta vivipara and aboveground vegetation structure of arctic plants were affected by biotic and abiotic variables at 0.3–3.0-m scales. RAF communities were determined using pyrosequencing. Composition and spatial structure of RAF and aboveground vegetation in relation to collected biotic and abiotic variables were analysed by ordination and semi-variance analyses. The vegetation was spatially structured along soil C and N gradients, whereas RAF lacked significant spatial structure. A weak relationship between RAF community composition and the cover of two ECM plants, B. vivipara and S. polaris, was found, and RAF richness increased with host root length and root weight. Results suggest that the fine-scale spatial structure of RAF communities of B. vivipara and the aboveground vegetation are driven by different factors. At fine spatial scales, neighbouring ECM plants may affect RAF community composition, whereas soil nutrients gradients structure the vegetation.
Data from: Litter removal in a tropical rain forest reduces fine root biomass and production but litter addition has few effects
Many old-growth lowland tropical rain forests are potentially nutrient limited, and it has long been thought that many such forests maintain growth by recycling nutrients from decomposing litter. We investigated this by continuously removing (for ten years) freshly fallen litter from five (45 m x 45 m) plots, adding it to five other plots, there were five controls. From monthly measures over one year we show that litter removal caused lower: fine root (≤2 mm diameter) standing mass, fine root standing length, fine root length production and fine root length survivorship. Litter addition did not significantly change fine root mass or length or production. Nutrient concentrations in fine roots in litter removal plots were lower than those in controls for nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), concentrations in fine roots in litter addition plots were higher for N and Ca. Chronic litter removal has resulted in reduced forest growth due to lack of nutrients, probably nitrogen. Conversely, long-term litter addition has had fewer effects.
Data from: Fine root presence and increased phosphorus availability stimulate wood decay in a Central Amazonian rainforest
<p>In the Amazon basin, approximately 60% of rainforest thrives on geologically old and highly weathered soils, thus decomposition represents an important mechanism for recycling nutrients from organic matter. Although dead logs and branches constitute up to 14% of the carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems, woody debris decomposition and mainly the effect of direct nutrient cycling by plant root interaction is poorly studied and often overlooked in ecosystem carbon and nutrient budgets. Here we monitored the decomposition of five different local woody species covering a range of wood density by conducting a long-term wood decomposition experiment over two years with factorial root presence and phosphorous (P) addition treatments in a Central Amazonian rainforest. We hypothesized that woody debris decomposition is accelerated by colonizing fine roots mining for nutrients, possibly strongly affecting wood debris with lower density and higher nutrient concentration (P). We found that root colonization and P addition separately increased wood decay rates, and although fine root colonization increased when P was added, this did not result in a change in wood decay. Nutrient loss from wood was accelerated by P addition, whereas a root presence effect on nutrient mobilization was only detectable at the end of the experiment. Our results highlight the role of fine roots in priming wood decay, although direct nutrient acquisition by plants seems to only occur in more advanced stages of decomposition. On the other hand, the positive effect of P addition may indicate that microbial nutrient mobilization in woody material is driven mainly by wood stoichiometry rather than priming by root activity.</p>
Archive data supporting the results in the paper: Long-term soil warming alters fine root dynamics and morphology, and their ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a temperate forest soil"
<p><span>Climate warming is predicted to affect temperate forests severely, but the response of fine roots, key to plant nutrition, water uptake, soil carbon and nutrient cycling is unclear. Understanding how fine roots will respond to increasing temperature is a prerequisite for predicting the functioning of forests in a warmer climate. We studied the response of fine roots and their ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal and root-associated bacterial communities to soil warming by 4 °C in a mixed spruce-beech forest in the Austrian Limestone Alps after 8 and 14 years of soil warming, respectively. Fine root biomass (FRB) and fine root production were 17% and 128% higher in the warmed plots, respectively, after 14 years. The increase in FRB (13%) was not significant after 8 years of treatment, whereas specific root length, specific root area, and root tip density were significantly higher in warmed plots at both sampling occasions. Soil warming did not affect EcM exploration types and diversity, but changed their community composition, with an increase in the relative abundance of <em>Cenoccocum</em> at 0 – 10 cm soil depth, a drought-stress tolerant genus, and an increase in short and long-distance exploration types like <em>Sebacina </em>and <em>Boletus </em>at 10 – 20 cm soil depth. Warming increased the root-associated bacterial diversity but did not affect their community composition. Soil warming did not affect nutrient concentrations of fine roots, though we found indications of limited soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) availability. </span><span>Our findings suggest that, in the studied ecosystem, global warming could persistently increase soil carbon inputs due to accelerated fine root growth and turnover, and could simultaneously alter fine root morphology and EcM fungal community composition towards improved nutrient foraging. </span></p>
Divergent nitrogen and phosphorus allocation strategies in terrestrial plant leaves and fine roots: a global meta-analysis
<p><span>The quantification of the allocation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) among plant organs is essential to improve our understanding of plant growth, life-history strategies, and ecosystem nutrient and energy cycles. However, allocation strategies of N and P between terrestrial plant leaves and fine roots are unclear. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we compiled a global dataset comprising 807 terrestrial plant species to analyze the stoichiometric scaling of N and P between leaves and fine roots across species, families, plant groups, biomes, and locations. </span></p> <p><span>We found that N and P, and N:P ratios manifest different scaling exponents (α-values) between leaves and fine roots. Specifically, overall α<sub>N</sub> and α<sub>P</sub> were >1 </span><span>and </span><span><1</span><span>, respectively, and </span><span>α</span><span><sub>N</sub>:P</span><span> = 1, indicating a higher proportional increase of N to fine roots and P to leaves. However, there were differences in α<sub>N</sub>, α<sub>P</sub>, and α<sub>N:P</sub> among major species, families, plant groups, biomes, and locations. In addition, α<sub>N </sub>and α<sub>N</sub>:P increased with latitude; there was no clear trend for α<sub>P</sub>. Mean annual temperature accounted for the greatest proportion of variation in αN, whereas soil total P accounted for the greatest proportion of variation in α<sub>P</sub> and αN:P.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis. Our results demonstrate a divergent N and P allocation strategy between leaves and fine roots in terrestrial plants. This study improves our understanding of the effects of the environment (including changes in global climate, and life history strategies) on nutrient allocation patterns between these two important plant organs.</span></p>
Phenotypic Plasticity Structure of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae) Fine Adventitious Roots Adapt to Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments
<p>Supplement 1. Phellogen close to the remnant exodermis and under lysigenous primary phloem. Match to Fig. 2C, D, secondary xylem, vascular cambium (below arrowhead), phellogen (arrows), lysigenous primary phloem (black arrow), phloem aerenchyma, dilated parenchyma (*), phloem fibers, remnant exodermis (ex), staining: TBO; scale bars = 50 μm;</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplement 2. Phellogen under lysigenous primary phloem. Match to Fig. 2C, D, secondary xylem, vascular cambium (below arrow), phellogen (arrows), lysigenous primary phloem (black arrow), cortical aerenchyma, dilated parenchyma (*), phloem fibers, remnant exodermis (ex), staining: TBO; scale bars = 50 μm;</p>
Cations make a difference: Soil nutrient patches and fine-scale root abundance of individual species in a mountain grassland
<p><span>1. Root densities in the field vary at the centimetre scale, but we have no information </span><span>on </span><span>whether this variation is linked to variation in nutrient concentrations and availability. Roots of many species are able to proliferate in nutrient-rich patches in controlled conditions in culture, but because data on nutrient concentrations and, in particular, on their temporal stability in the field are scarce, we do not know to what extent root distribution in the soil bears traces of such a response.</span></p> <p><span>2. Here</span><span>,</span><span> we linked </span><span>centimetre</span><span>-scale measurements of soil nutrient concentrations over a period of 6 weeks with estimation of root biomass and its species composition at the same points to determine whether there is any association between the two. In addition to phosphorus, nitrate and ammonium, we determined</span><span> the</span><span> concentrations of metal cations (magnesium, calcium and potassium). We used qPCR to determine</span><span> the</span><span> quantities of individual species in the root biomass samples.</span></p> <p><span>3. We found that calcium and magnesium (and to a lesser degree phosphorus and potassium) showed fine-scale patchiness that was stable over the duration of the study (6 weeks) and </span><span>was</span><span> consistent over all these elements. Nutrient patches were associated with high root biomass and </span><span>the </span><span>occurrence of roots of several species. Such patches are formed primarily by elements with known low mobility in soil (cations, phosphorus). In contrast, nitrogen ions showed overwhelmingly high temporal variation with no relationship between root density and nitrogen concentration.</span></p> <p><span>4. Soil nutrient concentrations thus constitute a multidimensional signal. Some elements strongly </span><span>vary</span><span> in time, while some are much more stable and thus form stable patches that permit root response over periods of weeks or months. Among them, calcium and magnesium play an important role in forming soil heterogeneity at a scale comparable to the scale at which fine root densities also vary. As these cations affect a number of plant functions, their association with higher root densities confirms their role in growth dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems.</span></p>
Data from: Arctic fungal communities associated with roots of Bistorta vivipara do not respond to the same fine-scale edaphic gradients as the above-ground vegetation
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Cations make a difference: Soil nutrient patches and fine-scale root abundance of individual species in a mountain grassland
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Data from: Effects of species diversity on fine root productivity increase with stand development and associated mechanisms in a boreal forest
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Data from: Fine root dynamics in a developing Populus deltoides plantation
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Data from: Fine-root exploitation strategies differ in tropical old-growth and logged-over forests in Ghana
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Allen Brain Atlas
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