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451 results for “food webs”
FIGURE 2 in The cost of gold: Mercury contamination of fishes in a Neotropical river food web
FIGURE 2 | Locations of sampling sites in the middle Mazaruni River drainage in A. Guyana within B. South America. Sampling sites included location in the C. Main channel of the Mazaruni River (mined) and three main tributaries including Eping River (non-mined), Puterang and Kurupung rivers (mined).
FIGURE 5 in The cost of gold: Mercury contamination of fishes in a Neotropical river food web
FIGURE 5 | Biomagnification of Hg in the Mazaruni River, Guyana, represented as the log total Hg concentrations plotted against nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios. Species were grouped together based on their trophic guild. Each symbol represents the average of all species within each trophic guild. The dashed horizontal line indicates the reference limit of 0.5 µg/g by WHO guideline for Hg in fish consumed by humans.
FIGURE 1 in The cost of gold: Mercury contamination of fishes in a Neotropical river food web
FIGURE 1 | Conceptual model of how Hg enters riverine food webs of the Mazaruni River, Guyana. First, artisanal gold mining operations installed in the river use a suction dredge to reach gold contained in bottom sediments. These mining operations use mercury for gold amalgamation of which the majority is lost to the atmosphere or river. Once in the river, Hg can be methylated by microbes into the toxic Methylmercury (MeHg) and be assimilated rapidly by aquatic biota. Hg concentration bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in the trophic food chain. Fishes at higher trophic levels [piscivores and carnivores (e.g., piranhas, aimaras, and catfishes)] are important items in the diet of local communities and can become a direct source of Hg uptake via direct consumption.
FIGURE 4 in The cost of gold: Mercury contamination of fishes in a Neotropical river food web
FIGURE 4 | Mean nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotope ratios of fish species collected from mined (right panel) and non-mined (left panel) sites in the Mazaruni River, Guyana. Species were grouped together based on their trophic guild. Each symbol represents the average of all species within each trophic guild. Numbers represent the basal resources collected at surveyed sites (1 = bryophyte, 2 = benthic algae, 3 = aquatic macrophytes). The abbreviations for the fish trophic guilds: Algivore/ Detritivore (Alg/Det), Insectivore (Insec), Herbivore (Herb), Omnivore (Omni), Carnivore (Carn), Piscivore (Pisc), as well as one shrimp (Macrobrachium).
FIGURE 3 in The cost of gold: Mercury contamination of fishes in a Neotropical river food web
FIGURE 3 | Sampling locations on the middle Mazaruni River: A. Main channel of the upper Eping River a small, black water tributary of the Mazaruni River. This river appeared more pristine and less impacted by gold mining activities; B. Sandy, shallow habitat sampled in middle channel of the upper Eping River; C. A gold dredge in the middle of the Kurupung River, on the right side is evidence of soil removal that resulted from mining activities; D. Deforestation (to establish mining stations) along the Kurupung River upstream, left bank from the confluence with the Mazaruni River; E-F. Main channel of the Mazaruni River at Olive Creek. At this location, the main channel of Mazaruni River is highly impacted by gold mining activities and gold dredges and 'tailing' beaches are commonly observed; G-H. The main channel of the lower Puterang River before the confluence with the Mazaruni River. At these locations, the Puterang River carries down heavily silted sediments that are spilled into the Mazaruni River.
Hydrology and trophic flexibility structure alpine stream food webs in the Teton Range, Wyoming, USA
<p>Data and code necessary to replicate the findings from the manuscript titled "Hydrology and trophic flexibility structure alpine stream food webs in the Teton Range, Wyoming, USA".</p> <p><span>Abstract:</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>Understanding biotic interactions and how they vary across habitats is important for assessing the vulnerability of communities to climate change. Receding glaciers in high mountain areas can lead to the hydrologic homogenization of streams and reduce habitat heterogeneity, which are predicted to drive declines in regional diversity and imperil endemic species. However, little is known about food web structure in alpine stream habitats, particularly among streams fed by different hydrologic sources (e.g., glaciers or snowfields). We used gut content and stable isotope analyses to characterize food web structure of alpine macroinvertebrate communities in streams fed by glaciers, subterranean ice, and seasonal snowpack in the Teton Range, Wyoming, USA. Specifically, we sought to: (1) assess community resource use among streams fed by different hydrologic sources; (2) explore how variability in resource use relates to feeding strategies; and (3) identify which environmental variables influenced resource use within communities. Average taxa diet differed among all hydrologic sources, and food webs in subterranean ice-fed streams were largely supported by the gold alga <em>Hydrurus</em>. This finding bolsters a hypothesis that streams fed by subterranean ice may provide key habitat for cold-water species under climate change by maintaining a longer growing season for this high-quality food resource. While a range of environmental variables associated with hydrologic source (e.g., stream temperature) were related to diet composition, hydrologic source categories explained the most variation in diet composition models. Less variable diets within versus among streams suggests high trophic flexibility, which was further supported by high levels of omnivory. This inherent trophic flexibility may bolster alpine stream communities against future changes in resource availability as the mountain cryosphere fades. Ultimately, our results expand understanding of the habitat requirements for imperiled alpine taxa while empowering predictions of their vulnerability under climate change.</span></p>
Data for "Species richness and food-web structure jointly drive community biomass and its temporal stability in fish communities"
<p>Data for the paper "Species richness and food-web structure jointly drive community biomass and its temporal stability in fish communities" which is in minor revision in Ecology Letters (manuscript id:ELE-00589-2021.R1). A doi will be provided upon publication.</p> <p>Current citation: Danet, A., Mouchet, M., Bonnaffé, W., Thébault, E., & Fontaine, C. (In revision) Species<br> richness and food-web structure jointly drive total biomass and its temporal stability in<br> fish communities Minor revision in Ecology Letters.</p> <p>The repository constains data describing fish community monitoring across stream sections in metropolitan France over the period 1995-2018 by the French Office of Water and Aquatic Ecosystems (ONEMA) using electrofishing.</p> <p>The repository contains:</p> <ul> <li> description of fishing: fishing_protocol.csv <ul> <li>surface: sampled surface</li> <li>opcod: fishing operation code, a unique identifier for each sampling event</li> <li>station: unique identifier for each site</li> <li>nb_sp, nb_ind: number of species, number of individuals</li> </ul> </li> <li>geographical information: station_basin.csv <ul> <li>X, Y: spatial coordinates of the station, expressed in metres in Lambert93 (epsg:2154)</li> <li>basin: name of the hydrographic basin</li> </ul> </li> <li>environment: environment.csv ( _mean: mean, _med: median, _cv: coefficient of variation) <ul> <li>alt: altitude</li> <li>d_source: distance to source</li> <li>strahler: strahler order</li> <li>BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand</li> <li>temperature: water temperature</li> <li>flow: water flow</li> </ul> </li> <li>community data: community_data.csv <ul> <li>species: three digits code corresponding to a given species (see Table S1, Danet et al. in revision)</li> <li>nind: number of individuals</li> <li>biomass: biomass in gram</li> </ul> </li> <li>Length of each fish individual: fish_length.csv <ul> <li>length: length of the fish in millimeter</li> </ul> </li> <li>Inferred food-web: class_network.rda <ul> <li>data: <ul> <li>class_id: size class of a fish individual</li> </ul> </li> <li>network: these data.frame can be handled by igraph::graph_from_data_frame() <ul> <li>from, to: "to" eats "from"</li> </ul> </li> <li>composition: <ul> <li>sp_class: concatenation of species and class_id columns</li> <li>bm_std: biomass reported to the sampled surface</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data and scripts from "Congruent trophic pathways underpin global coral reef food webs"
<p>Ecological interactions uphold ecosystem structure and functioning. However, as species richness increases, the number of possible interactions rises exponentially. More than 6,000 species of coral reef fishes exist across the world’s tropical oceans, resulting in an almost innumerable array of possible trophic interactions. Distilling general patterns in these interactions across different bioregions stands to improve our understanding of the processes that govern coral reef functioning. Here, we show that across bioregions, tropical coral reef food webs exhibit a remarkable congruence in their trophic interactions. Specifically, by compiling and investigating the structure of six coral reef food webs across distinct bioregions, we show that when accounting for consumer size and resource availability, these food webs share more trophic interactions than expected by chance. In addition, coral reef food webs are dominated by dietary specialists, which makes trophic pathways vulnerable to biodiversity loss. Prey partitioning among these specialists is geographically consistent, and this pattern intensifies when weak interactions are disregarded. Our results suggest that energy flows through coral reef communities along broadly comparable trophic pathways. Yet, these critical pathways are maintained by species with narrow, specialized diets, which threatens the existence of coral reef functioning in the face of biodiversity loss.</p>
Fig. 2 in Aquatic food webs in mangrove and seagrass habitats of Centla Wetland, a Biosphere Reserve in Southeastern Mexico
Fig. 2. Mean (± S.D.) δ13C and δ15N values of consumers (fishes, crustaceans and mollusks) and primary producers in Polo Stream and San Pedrito Lagoon. Species identities are in Table 1.
Fig. 1 in Aquatic food webs in mangrove and seagrass habitats of Centla Wetland, a Biosphere Reserve in Southeastern Mexico
Fig. 1. Map depicting the location and extent of Centla Wetland Biosphere Reserve (CWBR) in Southern Mexico. The detailed study area map illustrates locations of field collections at Polo Stream and San Pedrito Lagoon along the Grijalva and Usumacinta Rivers in Tabasco, Mexico.
Fig. 3 in Scientific note Preliminary examination of food web structure of Nicola Lake (Taim Hydrological System, south Brazil) using dual C and N stable isotope analyses
Fig. 3. Trophic position estimates of fishes collected at Nicola Lake, Taim Hydrological System. # symbols denotes different individuals of the same species.
Fig. 2 in Scientific note Preliminary examination of food web structure of Nicola Lake (Taim Hydrological System, south Brazil) using dual C and N stable isotope analyses
Fig. 2. Plot of δ15N and δ13C values for plants (), mollusks () and fishes () collected at Nicola Lake, Taim Hydrological System. Sources of carbon assimilated by consumers are indicated by the relative positions of taxa on the x-axis; trophic level is indicated by relative position on the y-axis. The dashed line distinguishes between producers and consumers. # symbols denotes different individuals of the same species.
Fig. 1 in Scientific note Preliminary examination of food web structure of Nicola Lake (Taim Hydrological System, south Brazil) using dual C and N stable isotope analyses
Fig. 1. Patos-Mirim Lagoon complex (ca. 14,000 Km2) (A) in southern Brazil showing the Taim Hydrological System (B) with the ecological reserve's limits (320.4 Km2) and Nicola Lake (2.45 Km2) (C).
Data for: Herbivores' impacts cascade through the brown food web in a dryland
<p><span><span>Food webs can be conceptualized as being powered by energy derived from living and dead vegetation, respectively. Most food web research has focused on "green food webs" which begin with the consumption of living vegetation by herbivores. However, "brown food webs" which stem from the consumption of senescent vegetation by detritivores are also an important channel of energy transfer. In theory, herbivores have the potential to disrupt brown food webs by consuming plant material before it has the opportunity to senesce and become available for detritivores. Here we investigate the effects that grazing by kangaroos whose population had irrupted in the absence of an apex predator has on the brown food web in an arid environment. We compared the cover of living and dead vegetation and the abundances of detritivorous termites and their predators inside one ha herbivore exclosures and nearby control plots. Results show there was more cover of living and dead vegetation inside the exclosures. Similarly, abundances of termites and small vertebrate predators of termites were greater inside the exclosures. Our study provides evidence that consumption of plant material by irruptive herbivores can disrupt the functioning of the brown food web by reducing the flow of energy from plant biomass to termites which in turn translates to reduced abundances of termites and small vertebrates that feed on termites. Our findings have implications for conservation and management because they shed light on a previously unconsidered threat to the functioning of arid ecosystems, disruption of brown food webs by irruptive herbivores. </span></span></p>
Data for: Richness, food webs structures and ecosystem functioning
<p>This dataset has information on the spatial distribution of fish species from the middle Paraná River and the diet information of 15 fish-eating species. The objective of the paper was to evaluate the relationship between richness, the structure of food webs and standing biomass. In addition to the information on diet and spatial distribution, there is a readme file, two Rstudio scripts and an R environment (all the results of the work can be found in the latter).</p>
Arthropod food webs predicted from body length ratios are improved by incorporating prey defensive properties
<p>This dataset was used to run for Van de Walle et al. (2023). Arthropod food webs predicted from body length ratios are improved by incorporating prey defensive properties. Journal of Animal Ecology, 92(4), 913-924. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13905">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13905</a></p> <p>"Arthropod_feeding_trials.csv" contains the results of the experimental feeding trials. Each row contains information on species taxonomy, body size and hunting strategy within a single trial.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Trophic interactions are often deduced from body size differences between predators and potential prey, assuming predators prefer prey smaller than themselves because larger prey are more difficult to subdue. This hypothesis has mainly been confirmed in aquatic ecosystems, but rarely in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arthropods. Our goal was to validate whether body size ratios can accurately predict trophic interactions in a terrestrial, plant-associated arthropod community. Additionally, we tested whether predator hunting strategy and prey taxonomy could explain possible deviations from this general rule.</p> <p>We collected arthropods from marram grass in coastal dunes and conducted pairwise feeding trials to explicitly test whether two individuals, of the same or different species, would predate each other. From the trial results, we constructed one of the most complete, empirically derived food webs for terrestrial arthropods associated with a single plant species. We contrasted this empirical food web with a theoretical web based on body size ratios, literature and expert knowledge.</p> <p>In our feeding trials, predator-prey interactions were indeed largely size-based. Moreover, the theoretical food web based on body size, activity period, microhabitat and expert knowledge converged quite well with the food web based on experimental feeding trials for both predator and prey species. However, predator hunting strategy, but mainly prey taxonomy improved predictions of predation events. Well-defended taxa, such as hard-bodied beetles, were less frequently consumed than expected based on their body size.</p> <p>Body size ratios predict trophic interactions among plant-associated arthropods fairly well. However, traits such as hunting strategy and anti-predator defences can explain why certain trophic interactions do not adhere to size-based rules. Feeding trials can generate insights into multiple traits underlying real-life trophic interactions among arthropods. Such insights are much needed as the dramatic global decline in arthropod species richness and abundance is knocking out many trophic interactions on which services such as pest control and nutrient cycling depend.</p>
Food webs coupled in space: Consumer foraging movement affects both stocks and fluxes
<p>The exchange of material and individuals between neighbouring food webs is ubiquitous and affects ecosystem functioning. Here, we explore animal foraging movement between adjacent, heterogeneous habitats and its effect on a suite of interconnected ecosystem functions. Combining dynamic food-web models with nutrient-recycling models, we study foraging across habitats that differ in fertility and plant diversity. We found that net foraging movement flowed from high to low fertility or high to low diversity and boosted stocks and flows across the whole loop of ecosystem functions including biomass, detritus, and nutrients in the recipient habitat. Contrary to common assumptions, however, the largest flows were often between the highest and intermediate fertility habitats rather than highest and lowest. The effect of consumer influx on ecosystem functions was similar to the effect of increasing fertility. Unlike fertility, however, consumer influx caused a shift towards highly predator-dominated biomass distributions, especially in habitats that were unable to support predators in the absence of consumer foraging. This shift resulted from both direct and indirect effects propagated through the interconnected ecosystem functions. Only by considering both stocks and fluxes across the whole loop of ecosystem functions do we uncover the mechanisms driving our results. In conclusion, the outcome of animal foraging movements will differ from that of dispersal and diffusion. Together we show how considering active types of animal movement and the interconnectedness of ecosystem functions can aid our understanding of the patchy landscapes of the Anthropocene.</p>
Data for: Generalist invasion in a complex lake food web
<p><span>Invasive species constitute a threat not only to native populations but also to the structure and functioning of entire food webs. Despite being considered as a global problem, only a small number of studies have quantitatively predicted the food web‐level consequences of invasions. Here, we use an allometric trophic network model parameterized using empirical data on species body masses and feeding interactions to predict the effects of a possible invasion of Amur sleeper (</span><em><span>Perccottus glenii</span></em><span>), on a well‐studied lake ecosystem. We show that the modeled establishment of Amur sleeper decreased the biomasses of top predator fishes by about 10%–19%. These reductions were largely explained by increased larval competition for food and Amur sleeper predation on fish larvae. In contrast, biomasses of less valued fish of lower trophic positions increased by about 0.5%–9% owing to reduced predation pressure by top piscivores. The predicted impact of Amur sleeper establishment on the biomasses of native fish species vastly exceeded the impacts of current‐day fishing pressures.</span></p>
Data from: Rainforest conversion to plantations fundamentally alters energy fluxes and functions in canopy arthropod food webs
<p><span>Tropical rainforests around the world are rapidly being converted into cash-crop agricultural systems. The associated massive losses of plant and animal species lead to changes in arthropod food webs and the energy fluxes therein. These changes are poorly understood, in particular in the extremely biodiverse canopies of tropical ecosystems. Using canopy fogging followed by stable isotope and energy flux analyses, we show that land-use conversion from rainforest to rubber and oil palm plantations not only causes a drastic reduction in energy fluxes of up to 75% but also shifts fluxes among trophic groups. While rainforests featured high levels of both herbivory and algae-microbiology, and a balanced ratio of herbivory to predation, relative fluxes were shifted towards predation in rubber and towards herbivory in oil palm plantations, indicating profound shifts in ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight that the ongoing loss of animal biodiversity and biomass in tropical canopies degrades animal-driven functions and restructures canopy food webs.</span></p>
Changes in vertical and horizontal diversities mediated by the size structure of introduced fish collectively shape food-web stability
<p><span>Species introductions can alter local food-web structure by changing the vertical or horizontal diversity within communities, largely driven by their body size distributions. Increasing vertical and horizontal diversities is predicted to have opposing effects on stability. However, their interactive effects remain largely overlooked. We investigated the independent and collective effects of vertical and horizontal diversities on food-web stability</span><span> in alpine lakes stocked with variable body size distributions of introduced fish species. I</span><span>ntroduced predators destabilize food-webs by </span><span>increasing vertical diversity through food chain lengthening</span><span>. Alternatively, increasing horizontal diversity results in more </span><span>stable food-web topologies. A non-linear interaction between vertical and horizontal diversities </span>suggests that increasing vertical diversity is most destabilizing when horizontal diversity is low<span>.</span> <span>Our findings suggest </span>that the size structure of introduced predators drives their impacts on stability by modifying the structure of food-webs, and highlights the <span>interactive effects of vertical and horizontal diversities on stability.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.