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140 results for “fungus beetles”
Figure 46-47 in Pleasing fungus beetles of the West Indies (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Erotylinae)
Figure 46-47. Iphiclus (Neoogaster) spp., dorsal habitus. 46) I. suturalis. 47) I. guadeloupensis.
Social network and fitness data from age-structured populations of forked fungus beetles
<p>We investigated the relationships between age, social behavior, and fitness at three levels of organization: the individual, the local social environment, and the population. Replicate groups of forked fungus beetles (<em>Bolitotherus cornutus</em>) were engineered to have either young- or old- biased age structures, and both social and reproductive behaviors were recorded.</p>
Social network position experiences more variable selection than weaponry in wild subpopulations of forked fungus beetles
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Data from: A selective fungal transport organ (mycangium) maintains coarse phylogenetic congruence between fungus-farming ambrosia beetles and their symbionts
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Social network and fitness data from age-structured populations of forked fungus beetles
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Data from: Phylogenomics clarifies repeated evolutionary origins of inbreeding and fungus farming in bark beetles (Curculionidae, Scolytinae)
Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) display a conspicuous diversity of unusual genetic and ecological attributes and behaviors. Reconstructing the evolution of Scolytinae, particularly the large and ecologically significant tribe Cryphalini (pygmy borers), has long been problematic. These challenges have not adequately been addressed using morphological characters, and previous research has used only DNA sequence data from small numbers of genes. Through a combination of anchored hybrid enrichment, low-coverage draft genomes, and transcriptomes, we addressed these challenges by amassing a large molecular phylogenetic dataset for bark and ambrosia beetles. The resulting DNA sequence data from 251 protein coding genes (114,276 bp of nucleotide sequence data) support inference of the first robust phylogeny of Scolytinae, with a special focus on the species rich tribe Cryphalini and its close relatives. Key strategies, including inbreeding mating systems and fungus farming, evolved repeatedly across Scolytinae. We confirm 12 of 16 hypothesized origins of fungus farming, 6 of 8 origins of inbreeding polygyny and at least 11 independent origins of a super-generalist host range. These three innovations are statistically correlated, but their appearance within lineages was not necessarily simultaneous. Additionally, the evolution of extreme host plant generalism often preceded, rather than succeeded, fungus farming. Of the high-diversity tribes of Scolytinae, only Xyleborini is monophyletic, Corthylini is paraphyletic and Cryphalini is highly polyphyletic. Cryphalini sensu stricto is part of a clade containing the genera Hypothenemus, Cryphalus and Trypophloeus, and the tribe Xyloterini. Stegomerus and Cryptocarenus (Cryphalini) are part of a clade otherwise containing all Corthylini. Several other genera, including Ernoporus and Scolytogenes (Cryphalini), make up a distantly related clade. Several of the genera of Cryphalini are also intermixed. For example, Cryphalus and Hypocryphalus are intermingled, as well as Ernoporicus, Ptilopodius and Scolytogenes. Our data are consistent with widespread polyphyly and paraphyly across Scolytinae and within Cryphalini, and provides new insights into the evolution of inbreeding mating systems and fungus farming in the species rich and ecologically significant weevil subfamily Scolytinae.
Figs. 8–18 in Stenotarsus Subtilis Arrow, The Aggregating Fungus Beetle Of Barro Colorado Island Nature Monument, Panama (Coleoptera: Endomychidae)
Figs. 8–18. Stenotarsus spp.: 8–10) Dorsal habitus: 8) Stenotarsus cuprivestis; 9) S. panamanus; 10) S. subtilis. 11–14) Ventral view of male: 11) S. globosus; 12) S. obtusus; 13) S. ovalis; 14) S. subtilis. 15–18) Aedeagus, ventral and lateral views: 15) S. panamanus; 16) S. obtusus; 17) S. ovalis; 18) S. subtilis. Scale line = 1 mm.
Figs. 7–9. Ancylopus ceylonicus. 7 in First Record of a Handsome Fungus Beetle (Coleoptera: Endomychidae) from the Arabian Peninsula
Figs. 7–9. Ancylopus ceylonicus. 7) Male, habitus, photograph by Floyd W. Shockley, Smithsonian Institution, Bugwood.org; 8) Aedeagus, dorsal view; 9) Mesotibia, male (from Strohecker 1971).
Figs. 10–11. 10 in First Record of a Handsome Fungus Beetle (Coleoptera: Endomychidae) from the Arabian Peninsula
Figs. 10–11. 10) Location of Gabal Shada Alalaa Nature Reserve in Saudi Arabia; 11) Habitat of Ancylopus melanocephalus with Acacia gerrardii in southwestern Saudi Arabia.
Figs. 1–6. Ancylopus melanocephalus. 1 in First Record of a Handsome Fungus Beetle (Coleoptera: Endomychidae) from the Arabian Peninsula
Figs. 1–6. Ancylopus melanocephalus. 1) Male, habitus; 2) Female, habitus; 3) Aedeagus, dorsal view. 4) Aedeagus, lateral view; 5) Aedeagus, ventral view; 6) Abdomen and abdominal terminal segment, male.
Figure 2 in The metendosternite and penile flagellum: two unexplored character systems of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)
Figure 2. Other Erotylidae examined: A, Loberus impressus; B, Cryptophilus integer; C, Pharaxonotha kirschii; D, Languria bicolor. E–N, (Tritomini part): E, Triplax brasiliensis; F, Tritoma bipustulata; G, Tritoma senegalensis tenella; H, Tritoma sanguinipennis; I, Myceporthus sp.; J, Lybas sp.; K, Triplax russica; L, Ischyrus quadripunctatus quadripunctatus; M, Megischyrus brasiliensis; N, Pselaphacus nigropunctatus; O, Dacne bipustulata; P, Megalodacne fasciata; Q, Iphiclus trifasciatus; R, Erotylus giganteus; S, Encaustes verticalis. Small scale bar: A–C, O = 0.5 mm. Big scale bar: D–L = 2 mm; M–N, P–S = 1 mm.
Figure 3 in The metendosternite and penile flagellum: two unexplored character systems of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)
Figure 3. The metendosternite and the flagellum in Erotylidae. A, arrow: metendosternite of Mycotretus scitulus (Erotylinae: Tritomini). B, C, dorsal and lateral view of the metendosternite of M. scitulus, respectively: apm, anterior portion of metendosternite; stk, stalk of metendosternite. D, diagram of metendosternite: ante, anterior tendons (red); apm, anterior portion of metendosternite (green); csap, central sclerotization of the anterior portion; css, central sclerotization of the stalk; fa, furcal arms (blue); if-a, anterior lobe of the internal tip (if) (yellow); if-dr, dorsal ridge of the internal tip (if); if-p, posterior lobe of the internal tip (if) (yellow); la, laminae (dark green); stk, stalk (grey); vela, ventral lamina (purple). E, an everted internal sac of Mycotretus melanophthalmus (Tritomini): abd, abdomen; fla, flagellum; is, internal sac; pen, penis; teg, tegmen. F, detail of the genitalia of M. melanophthalmus: h, head; v, virga; is, internal sac; pen, penis; str, penile struts. G, the flagellum head of Mycotretus apicalis (Tritomini), arrow showing membranous portion (mp). H, diagram of the flagellum head: abh, anterior border of head (blue); lbh, lateral borders of head (yellow); mp, membranous portion between head and virga (grey); pbh, posterior borders of head (green); arrow, inner outline of the head. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B–C = 0.5 mm, E–F = 0.5 mm, G = 0.1 mm.
Figure 6 in The metendosternite and penile flagellum: two unexplored character systems of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)
Figure 6. Erotylidae phylogeny by Węgrzynowicz (2002). Grey: Tritomini and Erotylini clades supported by absence of the metendosternal laminae (character state 6:1). Taxa presented in italics were not examined in this study and taxa in bold were examined. Solid red circles indicate potential apomorphies or synapomorphies and open red circle indicate potential homoplasies. Numbers above the circle indicate the character and under the circle the character state.
Figure 5. A–L in The metendosternite and penile flagellum: two unexplored character systems of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)
Figure 5. A–L, characters and character states of the penile flagellum in Erotylinae (Tritomini) (see text for a definition of each character statement). A, Tritoma bipustulata; B, Mycotretus apicalis; C, Mycotretus melanophthalmus; D, Mycotretus pygmaeus; E, Mycotretus marginicollis; F, Triplax brasiliensis; G, Mycotretus trifasciatus; H, Mycotretus lesueuri; I, Mycotretus flavomarginatus; J, Mycotretus reticulatus; K, Mycotretus fallax; L, Mycotretus trifasciatus. Scale bars: A, L = 0.2 mm; B–K = 0.1 mm.
Figure 4. A–I in The metendosternite and penile flagellum: two unexplored character systems of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)
Figure 4. A–I, characters and character states of the metendosternite (see text for a definition of each character statement). A, Encaustes verticalis (Erotylinae: Encaustini); B, Mycotretus quadrioculatus (Erotylinae: Tritomini); C, Cryptophilus integer (Cryptophilinae); D, Mycotretus coccineus (Erotylinae: Tritomini); E, Palaeolybas nigripennis apicalis; F, Dacne bipustulata (Erotylinae: Dacnini); G, Erotylus giganteus (Erotylinae: Erotylini); H, Pharaxonotha kirschii (Pharaxonothinae); I, Ischyrus scriptus (Erotylinae: Tritomini). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–D, F–H = 0.1 mm; E–G = 0.5 mm; I = 0.2.
Figure 1 in The metendosternite and penile flagellum: two unexplored character systems of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae)
Figure 1. Species of Mycotretus examined. A, M. cribratus; B, M. apicalis; C, M. quadrioculatus; D, M. pygmaeus; E, M. coccineus; F, M. fuscitarsis; G, M. trifasciatus; H, M. scitulus; I, M. minutus; J, M. fallax; K, M. cordiger; L, M. melanophthalmus; M, M. lesueuri; N, M. jocosus; O, M. marginicollis; P, M. ornatus; Q, M. floriger; R, M. sobrinus; S, M. rhodosomus; T, M. reticulatus; U, M. flavomarginatus. Scale bar: A–U = 1.5 mm.
Phenotypic assortment by morphology in social partners of the forked fungus beetle Bolitotherus cornutus
<p>Social interactions with conspecifics can dramatically affect an individual's fitness. The positive or negative consequences of interacting with social partners typically depend on the value of traits that they express. These pathways of social selection connect the traits and genes expressed in some individuals to the fitness realized by others, thereby altering the total phenotypic selection on and evolutionary response of traits across the multivariate phenotype. The downstream effects of social selection are mediated by the patterns of phenotypic assortment between focal individuals and their social partners (the interactant covariance, C<sup>ij</sup> , or the multivariate form, C<sup>I</sup>). Depending on the sign and magnitude of the interactant covariance, the direction of social selection can be reinforced, reversed, or erased. We report estimates of C<sup>ij </sup>from a variety of studies of forked fungus beetles to address the largely unexplored questions of consistency and plasticity of phenotypic assortment in natural populations. We found that phenotypic assortment of male beetles based on body size or horn length was highly variable among subpopulations, but that those differences also were broadly consistent from year to year. At the same time, the strength and direction of C<sup>ij </sup>changed quickly in response to experimental changes in resource distribution and social properties of populations. Generally, interactant covariances were more negative in contexts in which the number of social interactions was greater in both field and experimental situations. These results suggest that patterns of phenotypic assortment could be important contributors to variability in multilevel selection through their mediation of social selection gradients.</p>
Fig. 7 in Spaniophagus, first new Eocene genus of silken fungus beetle from Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Clavicornia: Cryptophagidae)
Fig. 7. Drawing of ventral view, Spaniophagus hoffeinsae gen. et sp.n. Рис. 7. Рисунок вентральной стороны Spaniophagus hoffeinsae gen. et sp.n.
Figs 5–6 in Spaniophagus, first new Eocene genus of silken fungus beetle from Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Clavicornia: Cryptophagidae)
Figs 5–6. Spaniophagus hoffeinsae gen. et sp.n. Holotype (inv. No CCHH 824-4 from the collection of the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (SDEI)): 5 — lateral margin of pronotum; 6 — legs. Рис. 5–6. Spaniophagus hoffeinsae gen. et sp.n. Голотип (inv. No CCHH 824-4 в коллекции Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (SDEI)): 5 — боковой край переднеспинки; 6 — ноги.
FIGURE 2 in Episternus onthophagi: a new monotypic genus of epizoic fungus found on Onthophagus beetles (Scarabaeoidea)
FIGURE 2. Episternus onthophagi thalli visible on mesosternum and femur of the second pair of legs of Onthophagus verticicornis. Scale bare = 1 mm.
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