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Data from: Diversity and distribution of Wolbachia in relation to geography, host plant affiliation and life cycle of a heterogonic gall wasp
Background: The maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia is widespread in arthropods and nematodes and can play an important role in the ecology and evolution of its host through reproductive manipulation. Here, we survey Wolbachia in Belonocnema treatae, a widely distributed North American cynipid gall forming wasp that exhibits regional host specialization on three species of oaks and alternation of sexually and aseuxlly reproducing generations. We investigated whether patterns of Wolbachia infection and diversity in B. treatae are associated with the insect's geographic distribution, host plant association, life cycle, and mitochondrial evolutionary history. Results: Screening of 463 individuals from 23 populations including sexual and asexual generations from all three host plants across the southern U.S. showed an average infection rate of 56% with three common Wolbachia strains: wTre1-3 and an additional rare variant wTre4. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp showed that these strains are unrelated and likely independently inherited. We found no difference in Wolbachia infection frequency among host plant associated populations or between the asexual and sexual generations, or between males and females of the sexual generation. Partially incomplete Wolbachia transmission rates might explain the occurrence of uninfected individuals. A parallel analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in B. treatae showed high mtDNA haplotype diversity in both infected and uninfected populations suggesting an ancestral infection by Wolbachia as well as a clear split between eastern and western B. treatae mtDNA clades with a sequence divergence of > 6%. The strain wTre1 was present almost exclusively in the western clade while wTre2 and wTre3 occur almost exclusively in eastern populations. In contrast, the same strains co-occur as double-infection in Georgia and triple-infections in two populations in central Florida. Conclusions: The diversity of Wolbachia across geographically and genetically distinct populations of B. treatae and the co-occurrence of the same strains within three populations highlights the complex infection dynamics in this system. Moreover, the association of distinct Wolbachia strains with mitochondrial haplotypes of its host in populations infected by different Wolbachia strains suggests a potential role of the endosymbiont in reproductive isolation in B. treatae.
FIGURE 18 in Taxonomy, biology, and efficacy of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)
FIGURE 18. Survival patterns of females (the upper graph) and males Selitrichodes kryceri at 25°C, as related to feed alternatives. Each treatment of each wasp sex involved 20 wasps. In parentheses are the values of Log-Rank statistics: values with the same letter are not statistically different (P = 0.05) according to a close test procedure.
FIGURES 1–3. Habitus. 1 in Taxonomy, biology, and efficacy of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)
FIGURES 1–3. Habitus. 1. Quadrastichus mendeli Ψ; 2. Selitrichodes kryceri "dark" specimen Ψ; 3. Selitrichodes kryceri "light" specimen Ψ
FIGURES 4–9 in Taxonomy, biology, and efficacy of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)
FIGURES 4–9. Quadrastichus mendeli Ψ. 4. Base of fore wing; 5. Antenna; 6. Head, frontal view; 7. Malar sulcus; 8. Mesosoma; 9. Gaster.
FIGURE 19 in Taxonomy, biology, and efficacy of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)
FIGURE 19. Survival patterns of females Quadrastichus mendeli at 25°C, as related to feed alternatives. Each treatment involved 20 wasps. In parentheses are the values of Log-Rank statistics: values with the same letter are not statistically different (P = 0.05) according to a close test procedure.
FIGURES 10–17. Selitrichodes kryceri. 10 in Taxonomy, biology, and efficacy of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)
FIGURES 10–17. Selitrichodes kryceri. 10. Antenna Ψ; 11. Antenna ♂; 12. Head Ψ, frontal view; 13. Malar sulcus Ψ; 14. Head Ψ, dorsal view; 15. Base of fore wing, Ψ; 16. Mesosoma Ψ; 17. Gaster Ψ.
FIGURE 6. A in Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species
FIGURE 6. A. Cross section of a gall of Andricus kollari showing a larva of M. dorsalis in a secondary cell of the inquiline Synergus umbraculus, and the central cell occupied by the larva of M. stigmatizans. B. Larva of M. dorsalis in a peripheral cell of a gall of A. kollari. C. Larva of M. dorsalis in a gall of Andricus grossulariae (sexual gen.). D. Crosssection of a gall of Plagiotrochus kiefferianus with larvae of M. dumicola E. Larva of M. stigmatizans. F. Detail of head of the larva of M. stigmatizans. G. Cross section of a gall of A. kollari showing the central cell with a larva of M. stigmatizans. H. A seed inside a hip of Rosa sp., attacked by a larva of M. aculeatus.
FIGURE 5 in Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species
FIGURE 5. Mandibles of the final-instar larvae of Megastigmus. A. M. dorsalis, left mandible anterior view. B. M. dorsalis left mandible, posterior view. C. M. pistaciae, right mandible, posterior view D. M. dumicola, left mandible, anterior view E. M. dumicola, right mandible, anterior view. F. M. aculeatus, right mandible, posterior view G. M. stigmatizans, left mandible, anterior view. H. M. stigmatizans, right mandible, anterior view.
FIGURE 1 in Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species
FIGURE 1. Ventral view of final-instar larvae of Megastigmus. A. M. dorsalis ex Andricus kollari (asexual). B. M. dorsalis ex Andricus grossulariae (sexual). C. M. dumicola ex Plagiotrochus kiefferianus (asexual). D. M. stigmatizans ex Andricus kollari (asexual). E. M. pistaciae ex seeds of Pistacia lentiscus F. M. aculeatus ex seeds of Rosa sp.
FIGURE 2 in Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species
FIGURE 2. Lateral view of final-instar larvae of Megastigmus. A. M. dorsalis ex Andricus kollari (asexual). B. M. dumicola ex Plagiotrochus kiefferianus (asexual). C. M. stigmatizans ex Andricus kollari (asexual). D. M. aculeatus ex seeds of Rosa sp.
FIGURE 4 in Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species
FIGURE 4. Anterior view of mouthparts of final-instar larvae of Megastigmus. A. M. dorsalis ex Andricus kollari (asexual). B. M. dorsalis ex Andricus grossulariae (sexual). C. M. dumicola ex Plagiotrochus kiefferianus (asexual). D. M. stigmatizans ex Andricus kollari (asexual). E. M. pistaciae ex seeds of Pistacia lentiscus F. M. aculeatus ex seeds of Rosa sp.
FIGURE 3 in Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species
FIGURE 3. Anterior view of the head of the final-instar larvae of Megastigmus. A. M. dorsalis ex Andricus kollari (asexual). B. M. dorsalis ex Andricus grossulariae (sexual). C. M. dumicola ex Plagiotrochus kiefferianus (asexual). D. M. stigmatizans ex Andricus kollari (asexual). E. M. pistaciae ex seeds of Pistacia lentiscus F. M. aculeatus ex seeds of Rosa sp. Arrows point at antennal setae and anterior margin of clypeus.
FIGURE 4 in Two new Neotropical species of oak gall wasps of the genus Loxaulus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Panama
FIGURE 4. Loxaulus panamensis: (A) Mesosoma lateral view. (B) Scutellum. (C) Propodeum. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Metasoma lateral view. (F) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium, lateral view. (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium.
FIGURE 5 in Two new Neotropical species of oak gall wasps of the genus Loxaulus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Panama
FIGURE 5. Habitus. forewings and galls of Loxaulus species: (A) Loxaulus championi, female (B) forewing of female. (C) mature galls of Loxaulus championi. (D) Section of a gall of Loxaulus championi showing the cells. (E) Loxaulus panamensis, female. (F) forewing of female. (G) mature galls of Loxaulus panamensis showing the cells.
FIGURE 3 in Two new Neotropical species of oak gall wasps of the genus Loxaulus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Panama
FIGURE 3. Loxaulus panamensis: (A) Head dorsal view. (B) Head anterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (E) Detail of ultimate flagellomeres. (F) Pronotum antero-dorsal view. (G) Mesosoma dorsal view.
FIGURE 2 in Two new Neotropical species of oak gall wasps of the genus Loxaulus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Panama
FIGURE 2. Loxaulus championi: (A) Mesosoma dorsal view. (B) Propodeum. (C) Metasoma lateral view. (D) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium, lateral view. (E) Metatarsal claw.
FIGURE 1 in Two new Neotropical species of oak gall wasps of the genus Loxaulus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Panama
FIGURE 1. Loxaulus championi: (A) Head dorsal view. (B) Head anterior view. (C) Pronotum antero-dorsal view. (D) Mesosoma lateral view. (E) Female antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Detail of ultimate flagellomeres.
FIGURE 9. A–C in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 9. A–C) Cecinothofagus gallaelenga: A) head anterior view. B) mesosoma lateral view. C) scutellar foveae. D–E) Pediaspis aceris: D) bisex. gen., mesosoma dorsal view. E) parth. gen. mesosoma lateral view. F–G) Eschatocerus acaciae Mayr: F) mesosoma lateral view. G) scutellum. H) Diplolepis rosae, mesosopleuron. I) scutellar foveae of Plagiotrochus razeti Barbotin parth. gen. J–K) Pediaspis aceris: J) antenna male. K) antenna female. L–M) Cecinothofagus gallaelenga: L) antenna female. M) first flagellomeres of male antenna. N) profemur. O) head lateral view, showing vertical carinae on gena.
FIGURE 6 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 6. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, final-instar larva and pupa: A–B) larval body, lateral view (LM). C) pupa, lateral view inside a gall. D) pupa, ventral view.
FIGURE 3 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 3. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, adult female: A) habitus. B) forewing. C) mesosoma, ventral view. D) ovipositor.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.