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1,010 results for “glucocorticoid”
Data from: The effects of stress and glucocorticoids on vocalizations: a test in North American red squirrels
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Early prenatal but not postnatal glucocorticoid exposure is associated with enhanced HPA axis activity into adulthood in a wild primate
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Data from: Chronic anthropogenic noise disrupts glucocorticoid signaling and has multiple effects on fitness in an avian community
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Data from: Increased glucocorticoid concentrations in early life cause mitochondrial inefficiency and short telomeres
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Data from: Exogenous glucocorticoids amplify the costs of infection by reducing resistance and tolerance, but effects are mitigated by co-infection
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Wild chimpanzees exhibit human-like aging of glucocorticoid regulation
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Data from: Glucocorticoids negatively relate to body mass on the short-term in a free-ranging ungulate
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The relationship of coping style and social support variation to glucocorticoid metabolites in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis)
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Data from: Stressful city sounds: glucocorticoid responses to experimental traffic noise are environmentally dependent
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Data from: The lingering impact of stress: brief acute glucocorticoid exposure has sustained, dose-dependent effects on reproduction
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Glucocorticoids link forest type to local abundance in tropical birds
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Data from: Social bonds do not mediate the relationship between early adversity and adult glucocorticoids in wild baboons
<p>In humans and other animals, harsh conditions in early life can have profound effects on adult physiology, including the stress response. This relationship may be mediated by a lack of supportive relationships in adulthood. That is, early life adversity may inhibit the formation of supportive social ties, and weak social support is itself often linked to dysregulated stress responses. Here we use prospective, longitudinal data from wild baboons in Kenya to test the links between early adversity, adult social bonds, and adult fecal glucocorticoid hormone concentrations (a measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and the stress response). Using a novel causal inference framework, we found that experiencing one or more sources of early adversity led to a 9-14% increase in females' glucocorticoid concentrations across adulthood. However, these effects were not mediated by weak social bonds: the direct effects of early adversity on adult glucocorticoid concentrations were 11 times stronger than the effects mediated by social bonds. This pattern occurred, in part, because the effect of social bonds on glucocorticoids was weak compared to the powerful effects of early adversity on glucocorticoid levels in adulthood. Hence, in female baboons, weak social bonds in adulthood are not enough to explain the effects of early adversity on glucocorticoid concentrations. Together, our results support the well-established notions that early adversity and weak social bonds both predict poor adult health. However, the magnitudes of these two effects differ considerably, and they may act independently of one another.</p>
Aetiology and prognostic risk factors of mortality in pneumonia patients receiving glucocorticoids alone or glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressants: a retrospective cohort study
<p><b>Objectives:</b> Long-term use of high-dose glucocorticoids can lead to severe immunosuppression and increased risk of treatment-resistant pneumonia and mortality. We investigated the aetiology and prognostic risk factors of mortality in hospitalised patients who developed pneumonia while receiving glucocorticoid therapy alone or glucocorticoid and other immunosuppressant therapies.</p> <p><b>Design:</b> Retrospective cohort study</p> <p><b>Setting: </b>Six secondary and tertiary academic hospitals in China</p> <p><b>Participants: </b>Patients receiving glucocorticoids who were hospitalised with pneumonia between 1<sup>st</sup> January 2013 and 31<sup>st</sup> December 2019.</p> <p><b>Main Outcomes: </b>We analysed<b> </b>the prevalence of comorbidities, microbiology, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, 30-day and 90-day mortality rates, and prognostic risk factors.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: A total of 716 patients were included, with pneumonia pathogens identified in 69.8% of patients. Significant morbidities occurred, including respiratory failure (50.8%), intensive care unit (ICU) transfer (40.8%), and mechanical ventilation (36%), with a 90-day mortality rate of 26.0%. Diagnosis of pneumonia occurred within 6 months of glucocorticoid initiation for 69.7% of patients with <i>Cytomegalovirus</i> (CMV) pneumonia and 79.0% of patients with <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia (PCP). Pathogens, including <i>Pneumocystis</i>, CMV, and multidrug-resistant bacteria, were identified more frequently in patients with persistent lymphocytopenia and high-dose glucocorticoid treatment (≥ 30 mg/day of prednisolone or equivalent within 30 days before admission). The 90-day mortality rate was significantly lower for non-CMV viral pneumonias than for PCP (<i>P</i> < 0.05), with a similar mortality rate as CMV pneumonias (24.2% vs 38.1% vs 27.4%, respectively).Cox regression analysis indicated <a name="_Hlk30339725"></a><a name="_Hlk31278800">several independent negative predictors for mortality in this patient population, including septic shock, respiratory failure, </a>persistent lymphocytopenia, interstitial lung disease, and high-dose glucocorticoid use.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b>: Patients who developed pneumonia while receiving glucocorticoid therapy experienced high rates of opportunistic infections, with significant morbidity and mortality. These findings should be carefully considered when determining treatment strategies for this patient population.</p>
Data from: Higher dominance rank is associated with lower glucocorticoids in wild female baboons: A rank metric comparison
<p>In vertebrates, glucocorticoid secretion occurs in response to energetic and psychosocial stressors that trigger the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Measuring glucocorticoid concentrations can therefore shed light on the stressors associated with different social and environmental variables, including dominance rank. Using 14,172 fecal samples from 237 wild female baboons, we test the hypothesis that high-ranking females experience fewer psychosocial and/or energetic stressors than lower-ranking females. We predicted that high-ranking females would have lower fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) concentrations than low-ranking females. Because dominance rank can be measured in multiple ways, we employ an information theoretic approach to compare 5 different measures of rank as predictors of fGC concentrations: ordinal rank; proportional rank; Elo rating; and two approaches to categorical ranking (alpha vs non-alpha and high-middle-low).</p> <p>Our hypothesis was supported, but it was also too simplistic. We found that alpha females exhibited substantially lower fGCs than other females (typical reduction = 8.2%). If we used proportional rank instead of alpha- versus non-alpha status in the model, we observed a weak effect of rank such that fGCs rose 4.2% from the highest- to lowest-ranking female in the hierarchy. Models using ordinal rank, Elo rating, or high-middle-low categories alone failed to explain variation in female fGCs. Our findings shed new light on the association between dominance rank and the stress response, the competitive landscape of female baboons as compared to males, and the assumptions inherent in a researcher's choice of rank metric.</p>
Data from quantitative real-time PCR of corticotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of rats subjected to midline fluid percussion injury or control sham surgery.
<p>These files contain all data from quantitative real-time PCR of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) measured in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of male and female rats. Rats were randomly assigned to a treatment group before the initiation of the study. Rats received a control sham surgery or were subjected to midline fluid percussion injury to induce a diffuse traumatic brain injury. Tissue biopsies were collected at 7 days post-injury and analyzed via quantitative real-time PCR. </p> <p> </p>
Supplementary material for "Glucocorticoid levels are linked to lifetime reproductive success and survival of adult barn owls"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Glucocorticoid hormones, such as corticosterone, are crucial in regulating daily life metabolism and energy expenditure, as well as promoting short-term physiological and behavioural responses to unpredictable environmental challenges. Therefore, glucocorticoids are considered to mediate trade-offs between survival and reproduction. Relatively little is known about how selection has shaped glucocorticoid levels. We used 15 years of capture–recapture and dead recovery data combined with 13 years of corticosterone and breeding success data taken on breeding barn owls (<em>Tyto alba</em>) to investigate such trade-offs. We found that survival was positively correlated with stress-induced corticosterone levels in both sexes, whereas annual and lifetime reproductive success (i.e. the sum of young successfully fledged during the entire reproductive career) was positively correlated with both baseline and stress induced corticosterone levels in females only. Our results suggest that, in the barn owl, the stress-induced corticosterone response is a good proxy for adult survival and lifetime reproductive success. However, selection pressure appears to act differently on corticosterone levels of males and females.</p>
Loss of the glucocorticoid receptor causes accelerated reproductive aging in female zebrafish
<p>Reproductive decline in mid-adult females isstablished phenotype of the aging process. Stress and the rise in glucocorticoids (GCs) accelerate reproductive aging, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. During stress, GCs activate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ubiquitously expressed, ligand-bound transcription factor, to elicit physiological changes for restoring homeostasis. Here we tested the hypothesis that GC-GR signalling is essential for accelerating reproductive aging. To test this, we used a ubiquitous GR knockout (GRKO) zebrafish, which is inherently hypercortisolemic, to delineate the role of high cortisol and GR signalling on reproductive aging. The loss of GR led to premature reproductive aging, including high frequency of typical and atypical follicular atresia in vitellogenic oocytes, including yolk liquefaction and large inflammatory infiltrates. The reduction in oocyte quality was also associated with a decline in ovarian <i>tert</i> expression in the adult GRKO fish compared to the early-adult GRKO and adult wildtype zebrafish. Accelerated reproductive aging also impacted the progeny, including lower breeding success, fecundity, egg fertilization rate, and delayed somitogenesis and embryo survival in the adult GRKO fish. We adduce that GR signalling is essential for prolonging the reproductive life span and improving the egg quality and embryo viability in zebrafish.</p>
Data for: Maternal glucocorticoid levels during incubation predict breeding success, but not reproductive investment, in a free-ranging bird
<p>The hormone corticosterone (CORT) has been hypothesized to be linked with fitness, but the directionality of the relationship is unclear. The "CORT-fitness hypothesis" proposes that high levels of CORT arise from challenging environmental conditions, resulting in lower reproductive success (a negative relationship). In contrast, the "CORT-adaptation hypothesis" suggests that, during energetically demanding periods, CORT will mediate physiological or behavioural changes that result in increased reproductive investment and success (a positive relationship). During two breeding seasons, we experimentally manipulated circulating CORT levels in female tree swallows (<i>Tachycineta bicolor</i>) prior to egg laying, and measured subsequent reproductive effort, breeding success, and maternal survival. When females were recaptured during egg incubation and again during the nestling stage, the CORT levels were similar among individuals in each treatment group, and maternal treatment had no effect on indices of fitness. By considering variation among females, we found support for the "CORT-adaptation hypothesis"; there was a significant positive relationship between CORT levels during incubation and hatching and fledging success. During the nestling stage CORT levels were unrelated to any measure of investment or success. Within the environmental context of our study, relationships between maternal glucocorticoid levels and indices fitness vary across reproductive stages.</p>
Data from: Parasite infection leads to widespread glucocorticoid hormone increases in vertebrate hosts: a meta-analysis
1. Parasites and pathogens (hereafter parasites) commonly challenge organisms, but the extent to which their infections are physiologically stressful to hosts remains unclear. Importantly, vertebrate hormones, glucocorticoids (GCs), have been reported to increase, decrease, or show no alterations stemming from infections, challenging the generality of parasite-associated GC responses and motivating a search for important moderator variables. 2. We undertook the first meta-analysis of changes in vertebrate GCs following experimental infection with parasites, extracting 146 effect sizes from 42 studies involving 32 host and 32 parasite species to test for general patterns of GC following infection, as well as the influence of moderators. 3. Overall, infection increased GCs relative to preliminary or control levels when the single largest effect sizes from repeated measures studies were examined, suggesting that parasites of vertebrate hosts can be thought of generally as physiological stressors by elevating GCs. 4. When all effect sizes were included along with the moderator of sampling time post-infection (tPI), parasite infection still had a positive effect on host GCs. However, the strength of that effect did not relate consistently to tPI, illustrating temporal differences in GC changes during the course of infection among parasite taxa (e.g., arthropod versus bacterial infections). Other moderator variables examined did not influence GC responses. 5. Studies broadening the range of host and parasite taxa, and sampling during critical time windows, would aid in our understanding of variation in the host stress response and its consequences for fitness of both vertebrate hosts and their parasites. 25-Sep-2019
Liquiritigenin reduces osteoclast activity in zebrafish model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
<p>Drug and therapies currently used to treat human bone diseases have a lot of severe side effects. Liquiritigenin is a flavonoid extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots which has been reported to have positive effects in vitro on osteoblasts activity and bone mineralization as well as inhibitory effect on osteoclasts differentiation and activity in vitro. The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of liquiritigenin on bone structure and metabolism in physiological and pathological conditions using Danio rerio as experimental animal model. Treatments with liquiritigenin were performed on embryos to evaluate the osteogenesis during skeletal development. Other treatments were performed on adult fish affected by glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis to assay the therapeutic potential of liquiritigenin in the reversion of bone-loss phenotype in scale model. Liquiritigenin treatment of zebrafish embryo significantly enhances the osteogenesis during development in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, liquiritigenin inhibits the formation of the osteoporotic phenotype in adult zebrafish model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis preventing osteoclast activation in scales. Interestingly, liquiritigenin does not counteract the loss of osteoblastic activity in scales. The liquiritigenin exhibits in vivo anti-osteoporotic activity on adult fish scale model. It can be considered a good candidate to develop new drugs against osteoporosis.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.