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127 results for “gradualism”
Brace Weaning Protocol Comparing Gradual and Immediate Weaning
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03329716. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data for: Environmental gradualism explains variation in pollination systems of columnar cacti: Phylogenetic and trait evolution analyses
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Data from: Gradual loading ameliorates maladaptation in computational simulations of vein graft growth and remodelling
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Data from: Gradual replacement of wild bees by honeybees in flowers of the Mediterranean Basin over the last 50 years
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Data from: Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites
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Data from: Drought effects on the stability of forest-grassland ecotones under gradual climate change
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Data from: Body shape diversity in Triassic‒Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes: sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety
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Data from: Gradual adaptation of bone structure to aquatic lifestyle in extinct sloths from Peru
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Data from: A comparison of clearfelling and gradual thinning of plantations for the restoration of insect herbivores and woodland plants
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Data from: Synergism, bifunctionality, and the evolution of a gradual sensory trade-off in hummingbird taste receptors
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A Gradual Type System for Elixir
<p>Talk for SBLP 2020</p>
A Gradual Type System for Elixir
<p>Talk for SBLP</p>
Data from: Dynamics of adaptation in experimental yeast populations exposed to gradual and abrupt change in heavy metal concentration
Directional environmental change is a ubiquitous phenomenon that may have profound effects on all living organisms. However, it is unclear how different rates of such change affect the dynamics and outcome of evolution. We studied this question using experimental evolution of heavy metal tolerance in the baker´s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To this end, we grew replicate lines of yeast for 500 generations in the presence of (i) a constant high concentration of cadmium, nickel or zinc, or (ii) a gradually increasing concentration of these metals. We found that gradual environmental change leads to a delay in fitness increase compared to abrupt change, but not necessarily to a different fitness of evolutionary endpoints. For the non-essential metal cadmium this delay is due to reduced fitness differences between genotypes at low metal concentrations, consistent with directional selection to minimize intracellular concentrations of this metal. In contrast, for the essential metals nickel and zinc different genotypes are selected at different concentrations, consistent with stabilizing selection to maintain constant intracellular concentrations of these metals. These findings indicate diverse fitness consequences of evolved tolerance mechanisms for essential and non-essential metals, and imply that the rate of environmental change and the nature of the stressor are crucial determinants of evolutionary dynamics.
Data from: Dynamics of molecular evolution in RNA virus populations depend on sudden versus gradual environmental change
Understanding the dynamics of molecular adaptation is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. While adaptation to constant environments has been well characterized, the effects of environmental complexity remain seldom studied. One simple but understudied factor is the rate of environmental change. Here we used experimental evolution with RNA viruses to investigate whether evolutionary dynamics varied based on the rate of environmental turnover. We used whole-genome next-generation sequencing to characterize evolutionary dynamics in virus populations adapting to a sudden versus gradual shift onto a novel host cell type. In support of theoretical models, we found that when populations evolved in response to a sudden environmental change, mutations of large beneficial effect tended to fix early, followed by mutations of smaller beneficial effect; as predicted, this pattern broke down in response to a gradual environmental change. Early mutational steps were highly parallel across replicate populations in both treatments. The fixation of single mutations was less common than sweeps of associated "cohorts" of mutations, and this pattern intensified when the environment changed gradually. Additionally, clonal interference appeared stronger in response to a gradual change. Our results suggest that the rate of environmental change is an important determinant of evolutionary dynamics in asexual populations.
Data from: The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa senses and gradually responds to inter-specific competition for iron
Phenotypic plasticity in response to competition is a well-described phenomenon in higher organisms. Here, we show that also bacteria have the ability to sense the presence of competitors and mount fine-tuned responses to match prevailing levels of competition. In our experiments, we studied inter-specific competition for iron between the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and its competitor Burkholderia cenocepacia (BC). We focused on the ability of PA to phenotypically adjust the production of pyoverdine, an iron-scavenging siderophore. We found that PA up-regulates pyoverdine production early on during competition under condition of low iron availability. This plastic upregulation was fine-tuned in response to the level of competition imposed by BC, and seems to confer a relative fitness benefit to PA in the form of an earlier initiation of growth. At later time points, however, PA showed reduced growth in mixed compared to monoculture, suggesting that competitive responses are costly. Altogether, our results demonstrate that phenotypic plasticity in siderophore production plays an important role in inter-specific competition for iron. Upregulating siderophore production may be a powerful strategy to lock iron away from competing species, and to reserve this nutrient for strain members possessing the compatible receptor for uptake.
Data from: Trade-offs drive resource specialization and the gradual establishment of ecotypes
Background: Speciation is driven by many different factors. Among those are trade-offs between different ways an organism utilizes resources, and these trade-offs can constrain the manner in which selection can optimize traits. Limited migration among allopatric populations and species interactions can also drive speciation, but here we ask if trade-offs alone are sufficient to drive speciation in the absence of other factors. Results: We present a model to study the effects of trade-offs on specialization and adaptive radiation in asexual organisms based solely on competition for limiting resources, where trade-offs are stronger the greater an organism's ability to utilize resources. In this model resources are perfectly substitutable, and fitness is derived from the consumption of these resources. The model contains no spatial parameters, and is therefore strictly sympatric. We quantify the degree of specialization by the number of ecotypes evolved and the niche breadth of the population, and observe that these are sensitive to resource influx and trade-offs. Resource influx has a strong effect on the degree of specialization, with a clear transition between minimal diversification at high influx and multiple species evolving at low resource influx. At low resource influx the degree of specialization further depends on the strength of the trade-offs, with more ecotypes evolving the stronger trade-offs are. The specialized organisms persist through negative frequency-dependent selection. In addition, by analyzing one of the evolutionary radiations in greater detail we demonstrate that a single mutation alone is not enough to establish a new ecotype, even though phylogenetic reconstruction identifies that mutation as the branching point. Instead, it takes a series of additional mutations to ensure the stable coexistence of the new ecotype in the background of the existing ones. Conclusions: Trade-offs are sufficient to drive the evolution of specialization in sympatric asexual populations. Without trade-offs to restrain traits, generalists evolve and diversity decreases. The observation that several mutations are required to complete speciation, even when a single mutation creates the new species, highlights the gradual nature of speciation and the importance of phyletic evolution.
Data from: Diet composition of reintroduced Red-and-Green Macaws (Ara chloropterus) reflects gradual adaptation to life in the wild
<p>Over the last two centuries, the Red-and-Green Macaw (<em>Ara chloropterus) </em>has become locally extinct in Argentina. In an attempt to restore its key ecosystem functions as both disperser and regulator of large-seeded plants, a reintroduction project was initiated at the Iberá National Park in northeastern Argentina. The ability of released individuals to find food is crucial, especially when working with captive-bred animals, as long-term establishment of a self-sustaining population depends on their short-term ability to exploit wild food sources. Monitoring of feeding habits is usually conducted through behavioral observation, but in recent years DNA metabarcoding has emerged as an alternative for obtaining highly resolved data on diet composition. In this study, we use a combination of both techniques to characterize the breadth and composition of the reintroduced macaws' diet. In addition, we compare the efficiency of both observational and molecular techniques to assess diet composition in a frugivorous bird. Individuals fed on a variety of plant species (n = 49) belonging to a broad phylogenetic spectrum (28 families). Dietary richness estimated by direct observation and DNA metabarcoding was similar, though smaller than the combination of the two datasets as both techniques detected at least 15 species not recorded by the other method. While the total number of detected species was higher for observational data, the rate of species-detection per sampling day was higher for DNA metabarcoding. These results suggest that a combination of both methods is required in order to obtain the most accurate account of the total diversity of the diet of a bird species. The ability of reintroduced macaws to successfully exploit local food resources throughout the year indicates a good level of adjustment to the release site, an important step towards the creation of a stable, self-sustaining population of Red-and-Green Macaws in Northern Argentina.</p>
EGFR-TKI Combined With Concurrent or Sequential Chemotherapy for Patients of Gradual Progression
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03544814. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Varenicline for "Gradual" vs. "Abrupt" Smoking Cessation in Low-motivated COPD Smokers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02894957. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Data from: Diet composition of reintroduced Red-and-Green Macaws (Ara chloropterus) reflects gradual adaptation to life in the wild
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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