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90 results for “haemosporidians”
Data from: Survey of haemosporidian parasites in resident and migrant game birds of Illinois
Haemosporidian parasites are globally distributed in avian species, capable of leading to decreased reproductive success, weakness and mortality. Haemosporidian parasites that affect reproduction and population growth are of interest to bird conservation groups and to organizations concerned with the health and immunological status of avian populations. Haemosporidian infection data are not always available for some avian species in specific regions yet. These data provides the starting points to evaluate geographical and temporal changes in the patterns of infection and prevalence across populations. We examined haemoparasite infections in four game bird species commonly hunted in Illinois. Prevalence, mean intensity, median intensity and mean abundance of haemosporidians were calculated, and the relation of these infection measures associated with age and sex of the avian hosts were evaluated. Game species sampled (n = 237) included migrants such as mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), wood ducks (Aix sponsa) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), as well as resident birds such as wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Only Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, and Leucocytozoon species were identified. Haemoproteus was the most prevalent haemosporidian (46/237), followed by Plasmodium (11/237). Furthermore, Haemoproteus was the most persistent haemosporidian, as it was the only parasite genera found in all four avian species. Co-infections were found in 55% of turkeys, but no significant correlations between the genera of haemosporidinan co-infections and a host species were found. Moreover, no significant differences in the proportion of infected individuals (prevalence) and haemosporidian quantities (levels of intensity and abundance) were related to biotic factors such as age and sex of the host. However, parasite aggregation (distribution of parasites among hosts) was affected by age, as adult turkeys and juvenile doves showed the highest aggregation index (Poulin's index of discrepancy D) for Haemoproteus spp. This study reveals patterns of infection and parasite aggregations that vary widely among different game bird species and provides baseline data on avian haemosporidians that, to the best of our knowledge, is not currently available in the state of Illinois for these avian species. Finally, these patterns can be used for management of landscape or host species to support conservation efforts.
Data from: Generalist haemosporidian parasites are better adapted to a subset of host species in a multiple host community
Parasites that can infect multiple host species are considered to be host generalists with low host specificity. However, whether generalist parasites are better adapted to a subset of their host species remains unknown. To elucidate this possibility, we compared the variation in prevalence and infection intensity among host species of three generalist parasite lineages belonging to the morphological species Haemoproteus majoris, in a natural bird community in southern Sweden. Prevalence in each host species was confirmed by nested PCR and DNA sequencing and infection intensities were quantified using lineage-specific real-time qPCR. For two of the three lineages, we detected positive correlations between prevalence and infection intensity, indicating that these generalist parasites are better adapted to a subset of host species, which may have been more frequently encountered during the evolution of the parasite; we refer to these as main host species. For both lineages, the main host species were more phylogenetically related than expected by chance as revealed by strong phylogenetic signal in prevalence among hosts. By comparing our results with previous records of these parasites, we found that the host range of a generalist parasite can vary among different communities and may partly be shaped by the presence of other parasites. Our study reveals that generalist parasites may be specialized on a subset of their host species and it highlights the importance of considering infection intensity and host phylogeny when determining the host specificity of a parasite.
Data from: Effect of haemosporidian infections on host survival and recapture rate in the blue tit
Parasites are ubiquitous in the wild and by imposing fitness costs on their hosts they constitute an important selection factor. One of the most common parasites of wild birds are Plasmodium and Haemoproteus, protozoans inhabiting the blood, which cause avian malaria and malaria-like disease, respectively. Although they are expected to cause negative effects in infected individuals, in many cases studies in natural populations failed to detect such effect. Using data from seven breeding seasons (2008 - 2014), we applied a multistate capture – mark – recapture approach to study the effect of infection with malaria and malaria-like parasites, individual age and sex on the probability of survival and recapture rate in a small passerine, the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), inhabiting the island of Gotland, Sweden. We found no effect of infection on survival prospects. However, the recapture rate of infected individuals was higher than that of uninfected ones. Thus, while our data do not support the presence of infection costs in terms of host survival, it suggests that parasites from the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus may affect some aspects of host behaviour, which translates into biased estimation of infection frequency at the population level.
Data from: How a haemosporidian parasite of bats gets around: the genetic structure of a parasite, vector and host compared
Parasite population structure is often thought to be largely shaped by that of its host. In the case of a parasite with a complex life cycle, two host species, each with their own patterns of demography and migration, spread the parasite. However, the population structure of the parasite is predicted to resemble only that of the most vagile host species. In this study we tested this prediction in the context of a vector-transmitted parasite. We sampled the haemosporidian parasite Polychromophilus melanipherus across its European range, together with its bat fly vector Nycteribia schmidlii and its host, the bent-winged bat Miniopterus schreibersii. Based on microsatellite analyses, the wingless vector, and not the bat host, was identified as the least structured population and should therefore be considered the most vagile host. Genetic distance matrices were compared for all three species based on a mitochondrial DNA fragment. Both host and vector populations followed an isolation-by-distance pattern across the Mediterranean, but not the parasite. Mantel tests found no correlation between the parasite and either the host or vector populations. We therefore found no support for our hypothesis; the parasite population structure matched neither vector nor host. Instead, we propose a model where the parasite's gene flow is represented by the added effects of host and vector dispersal patterns.
Data from: Haemosporidian prevalence and parasitemia in the tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)
Haemosporidians are a diverse group of blood parasites that infect terrestrial vertebrates worldwide, but there is variability in parasite prevalence and parasitemia with infections ranging from virtually inconsequential to lethal. In this study, we determined prevalence and parasitemia of avian haemosporidians in the Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor; n = 81). Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus were detected and quantified from blood samples using microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Thirteen mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages of haemosporidian parasites were found including generalist and specialist lineages, and the data indicate that prevalence is 69.1% (Plasmodium-89.3%; Parahaemoprotues-7.1%; double infection-3.6%). However, parasitemia was low in all infected birds. Seasonally, parasite prevalence varied significantly, although prevalence and parasitemia were not associated with host sex, age, or health. Observations of infection in this naturally infected bird provide details on host susceptibility that are applicable to the understanding of haemosporidian parasites in other avian hosts.
Data from: Prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites in the yellow-rumped warbler hybrid zone
Parasites can play a role in speciation, by exerting different selection pressures on different host lineages, leading to reproductive barriers in regions of possible interbreeding. Hybrid zones therefore offer an ideal system to study the effect of parasites on speciation. Here we study a hybrid zone in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where two yellow-rumped warbler subspecies, Setophaga coronata coronata and S. c. auduboni, interbreed. There is partial reproductive isolation between them, but no evidence of strong assortative mating within the hybrid zone, suggesting the existence of a postzygotic selection against hybrids. Here, we test whether haemosporidian parasites might play a role in selecting against hybrids between S. c. coronata and S. c. auduboni. We screened birds from 5 transects across the hybrid zone for three phylogenetic groupings of avian haemosporidians Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasites and quantified intensity of infection. Contrary to our prediction, hybrids did not have higher haemosporidian parasite prevalence. Variation in Haemoproteus prevalence was best explained by an interaction between a birds' hybrid index and elevation, while the probability of infection with Leucocytozoon parasites was only influenced by elevation. We also found no significant difference in the diversity of haemosporidian lineages between the warbler subspecies and their hybrids. Finally, intensity of infection by Haemoproteus increased significantly with elevation, but was not significantly linked to birds' hybrid index. In conclusion, our data suggest that haemosporidian parasites do not seem to play a major role in selecting against hybrids in this system.
The probability of being infected with haemosporidian parasites increases with host age
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In vertebrates, disease susceptibility often varies with age. Older individuals may be more susceptible than younger individuals due to senescent declines in immune function. Alternatively, disease susceptibility may decrease with age if older individuals are more likely to have had prior exposures to parasites and acquired adaptive immune responses that allowed them to resist future infections. Disease susceptibility can also vary with reproductive state, and reproductive hormones have been shown to increase infection susceptibility. Here we investigated how age and experimentally elevated levels of the reproductive hormone testosterone affected haemosporidian infections in free-living adult male dark-eyed juncos (<i>Junco hyemalis</i>). Samples were collected before and at least one year after experimental treatment with either a testosterone implant or empty control implant. The probability of being infected with haemosporidians in the <i>Plasmodium/Haemoproteus </i>group increased with host age but was unaffected by experimental testosterone elevation. Our longitudinal sampling design allowed us to determine that the increase in infections with host age was driven by variation within individuals, such that an individual's probability of being infected increased with age. This suggests that haemosporidian susceptibility increases with host age, and/or that haemosporidian-infected juncos sustain long-term chronic infections that are rarely completely cleared, and that the probability of being infected is higher in older juncos because they have experienced higher cumulative exposure risk.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Haemosporidian infection and co-infection affect host survival and reproduction in wild populations of great tits
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Data from: How a haemosporidian parasite of bats gets around: the genetic structure of a parasite, vector and host compared
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Data from: Generalist haemosporidian parasites are better adapted to a subset of host species in a multiple host community
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Data from: Diversity of haemosporidian parasites in Mississippi songbirds
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Data from: Survey of haemosporidian parasites in resident and migrant game birds of Illinois
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Data from: Effect of haemosporidian infections on host survival and recapture rate in the blue tit
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Data from: Influence of haemosporidian infection status on structural and carotenoid‐based colouration in the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)
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Artificial light at night amplifies seasonal relapse of haemosporidian parasites in a widespread songbird
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Data from: Prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites in the yellow-rumped warbler hybrid zone
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Data from: Neotropical migratory and resident birds occurring in sympatry during winter have distinct haemosporidian parasite assemblages
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Data from: Haemosporidian prevalence and parasitemia in the tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)
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The probability of being infected with haemosporidian parasites increases with host age
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Data 2 for "Population- and age-specific patterns of haemosporidian assemblages and infection levels in European Bee-eaters (Merops apiaster)"
<p>Data related to the article "Population- and age-specific patterns of haemosporidian assemblages and infection levels in European Bee-eaters (<em>Merops apiaster</em>)" in the format .fas. FASTA file contains sequences cytochrome b which were assigned to haemosporidian lineages with the R script (see 10.5281/zenodo.3968360).</p>
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