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1,014 results for “hair”
Data from: LHFPL5 is a key element to the gating spring of cochlear hair cells: comparison of mechanotransduction channel activation in presence or absence of LHFPL5
<p>During auditory transduction, sound-evoked vibrations of the hair cell stereociliary bundles open mechanotransducer (MET) ion channels via tip links extending from one stereocilium to its neighbor. How tension in the tip link is delivered to the channel is not fully understood. The MET channel comprises a pore-forming subunit, transmembrane channel-like protein (TMC1 or TMC2), aided by several accessory proteins, including LHFPL5 (lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 5). We investigated the role of LHFPL5 in transduction by comparing MET channel activation in outer hair cells of <em>Lhfpl5-/- </em>knockout mice with those in <em>Lhfpl5+/-</em> heterozygotes. The 10-90 percent working range of transduction in <em>Tmc1+/+; Lhfpl5+/-</em> was 52 nm, from which the single-channel gating force, Z was evaluated as 0.34 pN. However, in <em>Tmc1+/+; Lhfpl5‑/- </em>mice,<em> </em>the<em> </em>working range increased to 123 nm and Z more than halved to 0.13 pN, indicating reduced sensitivity. Tip link tension is thought to activate the channel via a gating spring, whose stiffness is inferred from the stiffness change on tip link destruction. The gating stiffness was ~40 percent of the total bundle stiffness in wild-type but was virtually abolished in <em>Lhfpl5-/-,</em> implicating LHFPL5 as a principal component of the gating spring. The mutation <em>Tmc1 </em>p.D569N reduced the LHFPL5 immunolabeling in the stereocilia and like <em>Lhfpl5-/-</em> doubled the MET working range but other deafness mutations had no effect on the dynamic range. We conclude that tip-link tension is transmitted to the channel primarily via LHFPL5; residual activation without LHFPL5 may occur by direct interaction between PCDH15 and TMC1.</p>
The potassium channel subunit Kv1.8 (Kcna10) is essential for the distinctive outwardly rectifying conductances of type I and II vestibular hair cells
<p>In amniotes, head motions and tilt are detected by two types of vestibular hair cells (HCs) with strikingly different morphology and physiology. Mature type I HCs express a large and very unusual potassium conductance, g<sub>K,L</sub>, which activates negative to resting potential, confers very negative resting potentials and low input resistances, and enhances an unusual non-quantal transmission from type I cells onto their calyceal afferent terminals. Following clues pointing to K<sub>V</sub>1.8 (KCNA10) in the Shaker K channel family as a candidate g<sub>K,L</sub> subunit, we compared whole-cell voltage-dependent currents from utricular hair cells of K<sub>V</sub>1.8-null mice and littermate controls. We found that K<sub>V</sub>1.8 is necessary not just for g<sub>K,L</sub> but also for fast-inactivating and delayed rectifier currents in type II HCs, which activate positive to resting potential. The distinct properties of the three K<sub>V</sub>1.8-dependent conductances may reflect different mixing with other K<sub>V</sub>1 subunits, such as K<sub>V</sub>1.4 (KCNA4). In K<sub>V</sub>1.8-null HCs of both types, residual outwardly rectifying conductances include K<sub>V</sub>7 (KCNQ) channels. </p> <p>Current clamp records show that in both HC types, K<sub>V</sub>1.8-dependent conductances increase the speed and damping of voltage responses. Features that speed up vestibular receptor potentials and non-quantal afferent transmission may have helped stabilize locomotion as tetrapods moved from water to land.</p>
Hair phenotype diversity across Indriidae lemurs
<p><strong><span>Objectives: </span></strong><span>Hair (i.e., pelage/fur) is a salient feature of primate (including human) diversity and evolution—serving functions tied to thermoregulation, protection, camouflage, and signaling—but wild primate pelage evolution remains relatively understudied. Specifically, assessing multiple hypotheses across distinct phylogenetic scales is essential but is rarely conducted. We examine whole body hair color and density variation across Indriidae (<em>Avahi</em>, <em>Indri</em>, <em>Propithecus</em>)—a lineage that, like humans, exhibits vertical posture (i.e., their whole bodies are vertical to the sun).</span></p> <p><strong><span>Materials and Methods: </span></strong><span>Our analyses considers multiple phylogenetic scales (family-level, genus-level) and hypotheses (e.g., Gloger's rule, the body cooling hypotheses). We obtain hair color and density from museum and/or wild animals, opsin genotypes from wild animals, and climate data from WorldClim. To analyze our data, we use </span>phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models (PGLMM) using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms.</p> <p><strong><span>Results: </span></strong><span>Our results show that across the Indriidae family, darker hair is typical in wetter regions. However, within <em>Propithecus</em>, dark black hair is common in colder forest regions. Results also show pelage redness increases in populations exhibiting enhanced color vision. Lastly, we find follicle density on the crown and limbs increases in dry and open environments. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Discussion: </span></strong><span>This study highlights how different selective pressures across distinct phylogenetic scales have likely acted on primate hair evolution. Specifically, our data across <em>Propithecus</em> may implicate thermoregulation and is the first empirical evidence of Bogert's rule in mammals. Our study also provides rare empirical evidence supporting an early hypothesis on hominin hair evolution. </span></p>
Evaluating the use of hair as a non-invasive indicator of trace mineral status in woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou)
<p>Trace mineral imbalances can have significant effects on animal health, reproductive success, and survival. Monitoring their status in wildlife populations is, therefore, important for management and conservation. Typically, livers and kidneys are sampled to measure mineral status, but biopsies and lethal-sampling are not always possible, particularly for Species at Risk. We aimed to: 1) determine baseline mineral levels in Northern Mountain caribou (<em>Rangifer tarandus caribou</em>; Gmelin, 1788) in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, and 2) determine if hair can be used as an effective indicator of caribou mineral status by evaluating associations between hair and organ mineral concentrations. Hair, liver, and kidney samples from adult male caribou (n<sub>Hair</sub>= 31; n<sub>Liver</sub>, n<sub>Kidney</sub>= 43) were collected by guide-outfitters in 2016-2018 hunting seasons. Trace minerals and heavy metals were quantified using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and organ and hair concentrations of same individuals were compared. Some organ mineral concentrations differed from other caribou populations, though no clinical deficiency or toxicity symptoms were reported in our population. Significant correlations were found between liver and hair selenium (rho=0.66, p<0.05), kidney and hair cobalt (rho=0.51, p<0.05), and liver and hair molybdenum (rho=0.37, p<0.10). These findings suggest that hair trace mineral assessment may be used as a non-invasive and easily-accessible way to monitor caribou selenium, cobalt, and molybdenum status, and may be a valuable tool to help assess overall caribou health.</p>
Data from: A genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing panel to inform invasive deer management using non-invasive fecal and hair samples
<p>Studies in ecology, evolution, and conservation often rely on non-invasive samples, making it challenging to generate large amounts of high-quality genetic data for many elusive and at-risk species. We developed and optimized a Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) panel using non-invasive samples to inform the management of invasive Sitka black-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis</em>) in Haida Gwaii (Canada). We validated our panel using paired high-quality tissue and non-invasive fecal and hair samples to simultaneously distinguish individuals, identify sex and reconstruct kinship among deer sampled across the archipelago, then provided a proof-of-concept application using field-collected feces on SGang Gwaay, an island of high ecological and cultural value. Genotyping success across 244 loci was high (90.3%) and comparable to that of high-quality tissue samples genotyped using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (92.4%), while genotyping discordance between paired high-quality tissue and non-invasive samples was low (0.50%). The panel will be used to inform future invasive species operations (culls or eradications) in Haida Gwaii by providing individual and population information to inform management. More broadly, our GT-seq workflow that includes quality control analyses for targeted SNP selection and a modified protocol may be of wider utility for other studies and systems where non-invasive genetic sampling is employed.</p>
Text-fig. 13. Dispersed platanoid cuticle. a: LM; b: SEM, upper surface. s – stoma; b – hair base. in Angiosperm Diversification In The Early Cretaceous Of Primorye, Far East Of Russia
Text-fig. 13. Dispersed platanoid cuticle. a: LM; b: SEM, upper surface. s – stoma; b – hair base.
Navajo Horse Hair Pottery Lizard
A clay lizard from a Navajo trading post in Northern Arizona. Our model was made with scan data from the Artec Spider and cleaned up in Artec Studio 15. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Tin for Madame C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grow
Smithsonian source data can be found [here](https://ids.si.edu/ids/media_view?id=3d_package:5e37d1c8-6dce-46d5-9324-871eddba4313) This media file is in the public domain (free of copyright restrictions). You can copy, modify, and distribute this work without contacting the Smithsonian. For more information and to review the 3D disclaimer, visit the Smithsonian's [Terms of Use](https://www.si.edu/Termsofuse) page. Tin for Madame C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower Manufactured by: Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company, American, founded 1906 Subject of: Madam C.J. Walker, American, 1867 - 1919 Medium: metal Dimensions: Diameter: 2 3/4 × 13/16 in. (7 × 2.1 cm) Type: canisters Place Made: Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana, United States, North and Central America Date: 1910s - 1920s Credit Line: Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift from Dawn Simon Spears and Alvin Spears, Sr. Object Number: 2011.159.6 EDAN-URL: edanmdm:nmaahc_2011.159.6 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Grave Marker of Highwayman Alfred Hair
[Alfred Hair](http://dos.myflorida.com/cultural/programs/florida-artists-hall-of-fame/alfred-hair-and-the-florida-highwaymen/) was a founding member of the group of African-American artists from around Fort Pierce, FL, later known as "[The Highwaymen](http://www.thehighwaymen.com/artists/hair_alfred.html)." Mainly painting landscapes, the group was largely self-taught and many began painting as a way to earn money through the sale of their work up and down A1A. Alfred Hair was the only Highwayman to have received instruction from local artist A.E. Backus and was considered a driving force for the group in the late 1960s. Unfortunately he lost his life at a yound age and some of the impetus for the group dissipated. You can visit several of the Highwaymen's grave markers at Pine Grove Cemetery in Fort Pierce, Florida. Each is adorned with beautiful mosaics done by a local artist reminiscent of their work. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
From hidden hearing loss to supranormal auditory processing by neurotrophin 3-mediated modulation of inner hair cell synapse density
<p><span><span>Loss of synapses between spiral ganglion neurons and inner hair cells (IHC synaptopathy), leads to an auditory neuropathy called hidden hearing loss (HHL) characterized by normal auditory thresholds but reduced amplitude of sound-evoked auditory potentials. It has been proposed that synaptopathy and HHL result in poor performance in challenging hearing tasks despite a normal audiogram. However, this has only been tested in animals after exposure to noise or ototoxic drugs, which can cause deficits beyond synaptopathy. Furthermore, the impact of supernumerary synapses on auditory processing has not been evaluated. Here, we studied mice in which IHC synapse counts were increased or decreased by altering neurotrophin 3 (Ntf3) expression in IHC-supporting cells. As we previously showed, postnatal Ntf3 knockdown or overexpression reduces or increases, respectively, IHC synapse density and suprathreshold amplitude of sound-evoked auditory potentials without changing cochlear thresholds. We now show that IHC synapse density does not influence the magnitude of the acoustic startle reflex or its prepulse inhibition. In contrast, gap-prepulse inhibition, a behavioral test for auditory temporal processing, is reduced or enhanced according to Ntf3 expression levels. These results indicate that IHC synaptopathy causes temporal processing deficits predicted in HHL. Furthermore, the improvement in temporal acuity achieved by increasing Ntf3 expression and synapse density suggests a therapeutic strategy for improving hearing in noise for individuals with synaptopathy of various etiologies.</span></span></p>
Magnetic Hair Tactile Sensor for Directional Pressure Detection
<p><span>Tactile sensing in the human body is achieved via the skin. This has inspired the fabrication of synthetic skins with pressure sensors for potential applications in robotics, bio-medicine, and human-machine interfaces. Tactile sensors based on magnetic elements are promising as they provide high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range. However, current magnetic tactile sensors mostly detect pressures of solid objects and operate at relatively high forces about 100 mN. Here, we address these limitations by manufacturing soft, stretchable, and hair-like structures that are permanently magnetized to achieve high-resolution, cost-effective, and high-resolution pressure sensing. Combining these hair-like structures with advances in 3D magnetic-field measurements allows us to monitor directional tactile pressures without solid contact. To prove the concept of this technology, we built a bio-inspired soft device with a hairy structure that senses and reports environmental mechanical stresses, similar to that of human skin. Simple self-assembly of the soft magnetic hair structure makes our approach easy to scale for large-area applications.</span></p>
Adsorption to sulfonate-terminated thiol hair-mimetic surface
<p>Raw data from Neutron Reflectometry experiment performed at ANSTO, ACNS/NDF proposal 16984. 2 files (corresponding to incident angles of 0.65° and 3°) for each step.</p> <p><span>PLP0063563-63564-63687-63688: Direct beam in air and through silicon, respectively.</span></p> <p><span>PLP0063658-9: gold-coated substrate in air</span></p> <p><span>The remaining files are from the solid/liquid experiment.</span></p>
Contributions of mirror-image hair cell orientation to mouse otolith organ and zebrafish neuromast function
<p>Dataset for Ono et al., 2024.<br>Contains all source data from the Tarchini laboratory, including illustrative images and raw data for quantification, as well as the data file containing statistical analysis. It also contains the data file produced by the Cullen laboratory reporting behavioral data. </p>
Centris pallida reflectance and hair density dataset
<p>Incoming solar radiation (wavelengths 290–2500 nm) significantly affects an organism's thermal balance via radiative heat gain. Species adapted to different environments can differ in solar reflectance profiles. We hypothesized that conspecific individuals using thermally distinct microhabitats to engage in fitness-relevant behaviors would show intraspecific differences in reflectance: we predicted individuals that use hot microclimates (where radiative heat gain represents a greater thermoregulatory challenge) would be more reflective across the entire solar spectrum than those using cooler microclimates. Differences in near-infrared (NIR) reflectance (700–2500 nm) are strongly indicative of thermoregulatory adaptation as, unlike differences in visible reflectance (400–700 nm), they are not perceived by ecological or social partners. We tested these predictions in male <em>Centris pallida</em> (Hymenoptera: Apidae) bees from the Sonoran Desert. Male <em>C. pallida</em> use alternative reproductive tactics that are associated with distinct microclimates: large-morph males, with paler visible coloration, behave in an extremely hot microclimate close to the ground, while small-morph males, with a dark brown dorsal coloration, frequently use cooler microclimates above the ground near vegetation. We found that large-morph males had higher reflectance of solar radiation (UV through NIR) resulting in lower solar absorption coefficients. This thermoregulatory adaptation was specific to the dorsal surface and produced by differences in hair, not cuticle, characteristics. Our results showed that intraspecific variation in behavior, particularly in relation to microclimate use, can generate unique thermal adaptations that change the reflectance of shortwave radiation among individuals within the same population.</p>
Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven
<p><span>Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) remains among the most influential and popular classical music composers. Health problems significantly impacted his career as a composer and pianist, including progressive hearing loss, recurring gastrointestinal complaints and liver disease. In 1802, Beethoven requested that following his death, his disease be described and made public. Medical biographers have since proposed numerous hypotheses, including many substantially heritable conditions. Here we attempt a genomic analysis of Beethoven in order to elucidate potential underlying genetic and infectious causes of his illnesses. We incorporated improvements in ancient DNA methods into existing protocols for ancient hair samples, enabling the sequencing of high-coverage genomes from small quantities of historical hair. We analyzed eight independently sourced locks of hair attributed to Beethoven, five of which originated from a single European male. We deemed these matching samples to be almost certainly authentic and sequenced Beethoven's genome to 24-fold genomic coverage. Although we could not identify a genetic explanation for Beethoven's hearing disorder or gastrointestinal problems, we found that Beethoven had a genetic predisposition for liver disease. Metagenomic analyses revealed furthermore that Beethoven had a hepatitis B infection during at least the months prior to his death. Together with the genetic predisposition and his broadly accepted alcohol consumption, these present plausible explanations for Beethoven's severe liver disease, which culminated in his death. Unexpectedly, an analysis of Y-chromosomes sequenced from five living members of the Van Beethoven patrilineage revealed the occurrence of an extra-pair paternity event in Ludwig van Beethoven's patrilineal ancestry.</span></p>
MicroCT scan of the nasal airway of a domestic short hair cat
<p>The peripheral structures of mammalian sensory organs often serve to support their functionality, such as alignment of hair cells to the mechanical properties of the inner ear. Here, we examined the structure-function relationship for mammalian olfaction by creating an anatomically accurate computational nasal model for the domestic cat (<em>Felis catus</em>) based on high resolution microCT and sequential histological sections. Our results showed a distinct separation of respiratory and olfactory flow regimes, featuring a high-speed dorsal medial stream that increases odor delivery speed and efficiency to the ethmoid olfactory region without compromising the filtration and conditioning purpose of the nose. These results corroborated previous findings in other mammalian species, which implicates a common theme to deal with the physical size limitation of the head that confines the nasal airway from increasing in length infinitely as a straight tube. We thus hypothesized that these ethmoid olfactory channels function as parallel coiled chromatograph channels, and further showed that the theoretical plate number, a widely-used indicator of gas chromatograph efficiency, is more than 100 times higher in the cat nose than an "amphibian-like" straight channel fitting the similar skull space, at restful breathing state. The parallel feature also reduces airflow speed within each coil, which is critical to achieving the high plate number, while feeding collectively from the high-speed dorsal medial stream so that total odor sampling speed is not sacrificed. The occurrence of ethmoid turbinates is an important step in the evolution of mammalian species that correlates to their expansive olfactory function and brain development. Our findings reveal novel mechanisms on how such structure may facilitate better olfactory performance, furthering our understanding of the successful adaptation of mammalian species, including <em>F. catus</em>, a popular pet, to diverse environments.</p>
Quantification of hair cell number, ribeye b and nuclei in the zebrafish inner ear endorgans
<p>The three otolithic endorgans of the inner ear are known to be involved in sound detection in different teleost fishes, yet their relative roles for auditory-vestibular functions within the same species remain unclear. In zebrafish (<em>Danio</em> <em>rerio</em>), saccule and utricle are thought to play key functions in encoding auditory and vestibular information, respectively, but the biological function of the lagena is not clear. We hypothesized that the zebrafish saccule serves as a <span>primary </span>auditory endorgan, <span>making it more vulnerable to noise exposure</span>, and that lagena might have an auditory function given its connectivity to the saccule and dominant vestibular function of the utricle.</p> <p>In this study, we compared the impact of acoustic trauma (continuous white noise at 168 dB for 24 h) between the sensory epithelia of the three otolithic endorgans. Noise treatment caused hair cell loss in both the saccule and lagena but not in the utricle. This effect was identified immediately after acoustic treatment and did not increase 24 h post trauma. Furthermore, hair cell loss was accompanied by a reduction in presynaptic activity measured based on Ribeye b presence but mainly in the saccule, supporting its main contribution for noise-induced hearing loss.</p> <p>Our findings support the hypothesis that the saccule plays a major role in sound detection and that lagena is also acoustically affected extending the species hearing dynamic range.</p>
Evaluating the use of non‐invasive hair sampling and ddRAD to characterize populations of endangered species: Application to a peripheral population of the European mink
<p>The application of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) to non‐invasive samples is one of the most promising methods in conservation genomics, but these types of samples present significant challenges for NGS. The European mink (<em>Mustela lutreola</em>) is critically endangered throughout its range. However, important aspects such as census size and inbreeding remain still unknown in many populations, so it is crucial to develop new methods to monitor this species. In this work, we placed hair tubes along riverbanks in a border area of the Iberian population, which allowed the genetic identification of 76 European mink hair samples. We then applied a reduced representation genomic sequencing (ddRAD) technique to a subset of these samples to test whether we could extract sufficient genomic information from them. We show that several problems with the DNA, including contamination, fragmentation, oxidation, and possibly sample mixing, affected the samples. Using various bioinformatic techniques to reduce these problems, we were able to unambiguously genotype 19 hair samples belonging to six individuals. This small number of individuals showed that the demographic status of the species in this peripheral population is worse than expected. The data obtained also allowed us to perform preliminary analyses of relatedness and inbreeding. Although further improvements in sampling and analysis are needed, the application of the ddRAD technique to non‐invasively obtained hairs represents a significant advance in the genomic study of endangered species.</p>
Red Hair Mural
This mural is no longer there since the clothing shop is closed down. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Evaluating the Topical Herbal Solution on the Treatment of Male Pattern Hair Loss and Comparison With Minoxidil 5%
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03753113. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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