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1,187 results for “herbivores”
Fig. 1 in Effect of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) and on its herbivore insect, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Fig. 1. Distribution of stressed plants (with mesh cover) and non-stressed plants of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth in the greenhouse.
Fig. 3 in Feeding habits and habitat of herbivorous mammals from the Early-Late Hemphillian (Miocene) of Costa Rica
Fig. 3. Comparative analysis of carbon and oxygen stable isotope values in dental enamel from fossil herbivorous mammals of the San Gerardo de Limoncito locality.
Fig. 1. A in Feeding habits and habitat of herbivorous mammals from the Early-Late Hemphillian (Miocene) of Costa Rica
Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of studied area. B. Geological map of the San Gerardo de Limoncito area, modified from Denyer and Alvarado (2007).
Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids
<p>Data and R scripts for statistical analyses for the article:</p> <p><strong>Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids</strong></p> <p>By: <strong>Carlos Bustos-Segura, Adrienne L. Godschalx, Lucas Malacari, Fanny Deiss, Sergio Rasmann, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Betty Benrey</strong> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Microorganisms associated with plant roots significantly impact the quality and quantity of plant defences. However, the bottom-up effects of soil microbes on the aboveground multitrophic interactions remain largely under studied. To address this gap, we investigated the chemically-mediated effects of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on legume-herbivore-parasitoid multitrophic interactions. To address this, we initially examined the cascading effects of the rhizobia bean association on herbivore caterpillars, their parasitoids, and subsequently investigated how rhizobia influence on plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar. Our goal was to understand how these plant-mediated effects can affect parasitoids. Lima bean plants (<em>Phaseoulus lunatus</em>) inoculated with rhizobia exhibited better growth, and the number of root nodules positively correlated with defensive cyanogenic compounds. Despite increase of these chemical defences, <em>Spodoptera</em> latifascia caterpillars preferred to feed and grew faster on rhizobia-inoculated plants. Moreover, the emission of plant volatiles after leaf damage showed distinct patterns between inoculation treatments, with inoculated plants producing more sesquiterpenes and benzyl nitrile than non-inoculated plants. Despite these differences, <em>Euplectrus platyhypenae</em> parasitoid wasps were similarly attracted to rhizobia- or no rhizobia-treated plants. Yet, the oviposition and offspring development of <em>E. platyhypenae </em>was better on caterpillars fed with rhizobia-inoculated plants. We additionally show that rhizobia-inoculated common bean plants (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) produced more extrafloral nectar, with higher hydrocarbon concentration, than non-inoculated plants. Consequently, parasitoids performed better when fed with extrafloral nectar from rhizobia-inoculated plants. While the overall effects of bean-rhizobia symbiosis on caterpillars were positive, rhizobia also indirectly benefited parasitoids through the caterpillar host, and directly through the improved production of high quality extrafloral nectar. This study underscores the importance of exploring diverse facets and chemical mechanisms that influence the dynamics between herbivores and predators. This knowledge is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ecological implications of rhizobia symbiosis on these interactions.</p>
Figure 5 in The parasitoid complex associated with the herbivore Hadena bicruris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) in the Netherlands
Figure 5. The parasitoid complex as observed on H. bicruris in the Netherlands along the river Waal. Solid lines show the most important parasitoid species. Bold names indicate possible specialist species.
Figure 4 in The parasitoid complex associated with the herbivore Hadena bicruris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) in the Netherlands
Figure 4. Average sex ratios (proportion males in brood) for different secondary clutch sizes (all larvae on a host) of M. tristis (A, averages calculated over two consecutive clutch sizes) and B. variator (B) in H. bicruris. The dashed line is the correlation between sex ratio and clutch size of M. tristis as derived from a generalized linear model on the underlying raw data. The horizontal lines indicate the overall average sex ratios. Numbers on top of the graphs give the number of observations on which the averages are based.
Figure 1 in The parasitoid complex associated with the herbivore Hadena bicruris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) in the Netherlands
Figure 1. The fate of all H. bicruris caterpillars collected in natural S. latifolia patches. Only the parasitism rate of the most common paraitoid species are shown individually, whereas the others are grouped. Caterpillars that were collected dead or which died without signs of parasitism are assigned to the group Died.
Figure 3 in The parasitoid complex associated with the herbivore Hadena bicruris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) in the Netherlands
Figure 3. Secondary clutch size (all larvae on a host) distribution of M. tristis (A) and B. variator (B, data from the field and experimental garden combined) in H. bicruris. Colours indicate the sex composition of the resulting broods (including broods of one).
Figure 2 in The parasitoid complex associated with the herbivore Hadena bicruris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) in the Netherlands
Figure 2. Weeks (start dates shown) during which H. bicruris caterpillars were found to be parasitized by the most common parasitoid species (grey blocks). Weeks during which most caterpillars were collected are indicated in grey in the top row.
Data files for: Huston, D.C. et al. 2021. Stable isotope signatures of an acanthocephalan and trematode from the herbivorous marine fish Kyphosus bigibbus (Perciformes: Kyphosidae). Journal of Parasitology. 107: 726–730
<p>Data files for the paper: Huston, D.C. et al. 2021. Stable isotope signatures of an acanthocephalan and trematode from the herbivorous marine fish Kyphosus bigibbus (Perciformes: Kyphosidae). Journal of Parasitology. 107(5) 726–730</p> <p>Includes raw data, .csv files for import of data into R, R script file, and excel spreadsheet file used to create Figure 1.</p>
Large herbivore biomass in protected areas
<p>Large herbivores provide key ecosystem processes, but have experienced massive historical losses and are under intense pressure, leaving current ecosystems with dramatically simplified faunas relative to the long-term evolutionary norm. Hampered by a shifting baseline, natural levels of large-herbivore biomass are poorly understood and seldom targeted. Here, we present a collation of large-herbivore biomass data from published sources as well as personal communication. The data includes continent, ecosystem name, latitude, longitude, large herbivore biomass in kg/km<sup>2</sup> and the source of the data. It can be used together with net primary productivity (e.g., using satellite-derived NPP retrieved from http://files.ntsg.umt.edu/data/NTSG_Products/MOD17/GeoTIFF/MOD17A3/GeoTIFF_30arcsec/) to explore the scaling relationship between producer and consumer.</p>
Additive and interactive pressures of anthropogenic stressors on an insect herbivore
<p>This file contains the data and scripts needed to reproduce the results presented in "Additive and interactive pressures of anthropogenic stressors on an insect herbivore."</p>
Data for: Herbivores' impacts cascade through the brown food web in a dryland
<p><span><span>Food webs can be conceptualized as being powered by energy derived from living and dead vegetation, respectively. Most food web research has focused on "green food webs" which begin with the consumption of living vegetation by herbivores. However, "brown food webs" which stem from the consumption of senescent vegetation by detritivores are also an important channel of energy transfer. In theory, herbivores have the potential to disrupt brown food webs by consuming plant material before it has the opportunity to senesce and become available for detritivores. Here we investigate the effects that grazing by kangaroos whose population had irrupted in the absence of an apex predator has on the brown food web in an arid environment. We compared the cover of living and dead vegetation and the abundances of detritivorous termites and their predators inside one ha herbivore exclosures and nearby control plots. Results show there was more cover of living and dead vegetation inside the exclosures. Similarly, abundances of termites and small vertebrate predators of termites were greater inside the exclosures. Our study provides evidence that consumption of plant material by irruptive herbivores can disrupt the functioning of the brown food web by reducing the flow of energy from plant biomass to termites which in turn translates to reduced abundances of termites and small vertebrates that feed on termites. Our findings have implications for conservation and management because they shed light on a previously unconsidered threat to the functioning of arid ecosystems, disruption of brown food webs by irruptive herbivores. </span></span></p>
From bottom-up to top-down control of invertebrate herbivores in a retrogressive chronosequence
<p>In the long-term absence of disturbance, ecosystems often enter a decline or retrogressive phase which leads to reductions in primary productivity, plant biomass, nutrient cycling and foliar quality. However, the consequences of ecosystem retrogression for higher trophic levels such as herbivores and predators, are less clear. Using a post-fire forested island-chronosequence across which retrogression occurs, we provide evidence that nutrient availability strongly controls invertebrate herbivore biomass when predators are few, but that there is a switch from bottom-up to top-down control when predators are common. This trophic flip in herbivore control probably arises because invertebrate predators respond to alternative energy channels from the adjacent aquatic matrix, which were independent of terrestrial plant biomass. Our results suggest that effects of nutrient limitation resulting from ecosystem retrogression on trophic cascades are modified by nutrient-independent variation in predator abundance, and this calls for a more holistic approach to trophic ecology to better understand herbivore effects on plant communities.</p>
Variation in herbivore space use: comparing two savanna ecosystems with different anthrax outbreak patterns in southern Africa
<p><span>Background</span></p> <p><span>The distribution of resources can affect animal range sizes, which in turn may alter infectious disease dynamics in heterogenous environments. The risk of pathogen exposure or the spatial extent of outbreaks may vary with host range size. This study examined the range sizes of herbivorous anthrax host species in two ecosystems and relationships between spatial movement behavior and patterns of disease outbreaks for a multi-host environmentally transmitted pathogen. </span></p> <p><span>Methods</span></p> <p><span>We examined range sizes for seven host species and the spatial extent of anthrax outbreaks in Etosha National Park, Namibia and</span><span> Kruger National Park, South Africa, where the main host species and outbreak sizes differ</span><span>. We evaluated host range sizes using the local convex hull method at different temporal scales, within-individual temporal range overlap, and relationships between ranging behavior and species contributions to anthrax cases in each park. We estimated the spatial extent of annual anthrax mortalities and evaluated whether the extent was correlated with case numbers of a given host species. </span></p> <p><span>Results</span></p> <p><span>Range size differences among species were not linearly related to anthrax case numbers. In Kruger t</span><span>he main host species </span><span>had small range sizes and high range overlap, which may heighten exposure when outbreaks occur within their ranges. However, different patterns were observed in Etosha, where the main host species had large range sizes and relatively little overlap. The spatial extent of anthrax mortalities was similar between parks but less variable in Etosha than Kruger. In Kruger outbreaks varied from small local clusters to large areas and the spatial extent correlated with case numbers and species affected. </span><span>Secondary host species contributed relatively few cases to outbreaks; however, for these species with large range sizes, case numbers positively correlated with outbreak extent.</span></p> <p><span>Conclusions</span></p> <p><span>Our results provide new information on the spatiotemporal structuring of ranging movements of anthrax host species in two ecosystems. The results linking anthrax dynamics to host space use are correlative, yet suggest that, though partial and proximate, host range size and overlap may be contributing factors in outbreak characteristics for environmentally transmitted pathogens. </span></p>
Environmental context and herbivore traits mediate the strength of associational effects in a meta-analysis of crop diversity
<p>1. Crop diversification offers a promising solution to meet expanding global food demands while maintaining ecosystem services. Diversification strategies that employ mixed planting to reduce pest damage (e.g., intercropping), termed "associational effects" (AE) in the ecological literature, can decrease (associational resistance) or increase (associational susceptibility) herbivore abundance on a focal plant. While application of AE to agroecosystems typically reduces pest abundance, the range of outcomes varies widely.</p> <p>2. We conducted a meta-analysis using 272 estimates of insect herbivore abundance on crops neighbored by a conspecific or heterospecific from 44 studies undertaken on six continents. We focus on four agricultural crops well-represented from sites across the globe to test hypotheses related to understanding how herbivore traits (diet breadth, feeding guild, origin), plant traits (crop type, phylogenetic distance to neighbor), and environmental context (climate, experimental design) contribute to variation in the outcomes of associational effects.</p> <p>3. Overall, bicultures provided a strong reduction of insect abundance on the focal crop. Climate and interactions between herbivore traits, particularly diet breadth and origin, and plant traits or environmental context mediated the strength of associational effects.</p> <p>4. Bicultures provided the strongest reductions in insect abundance at low latitudes and this effect decreased at higher latitudes, but only for insects with certain traits. Abundance of generalist herbivores and globally distributed pests tended to be most strongly negatively affected by bicultures, under certain contexts, whereas specialist herbivores and native pests were less affected by neighbors.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and application. This meta-analysis highlights that variability in AE is determined in part by the interactive effects of herbivore traits and environmental context and provides guidance for incorporating beneficial ecological interactions into integrated pest management strategies.</p>
Data for: Herbivores disrupt the flow of food resources to termites in dryland ecosystems
<p><span>Irruption of herbivore populations due to the extirpation of predators has led to dramatic changes in ecosystem functioning worldwide. Herbivores compete with other species for their primary source of nutrition, plant biomass. Such competition is typically considered to occur between species in closely related clades and functional groups but could also occur with detritivores that consume senescent plant biomass. Here, we test predictions that herbivores' indirect impacts on dead vegetation increase with primary productivity and extend to termites which feed on senescent vegetation. We compared dead vegetation cover and termite activity in herbivore exclosures and associated grazed plots at 3 locations situated along a rainfall gradient in arid Australia where kangaroo populations have irrupted. Dead vegetation cover and termite activity increased with rainfall in ungrazed plots but showed a negligible response to rainfall in grazed plots. Our results suggest that grazing can disrupt the flow of energy to detritivores and decouple the relationship between termite activity and primary productivity. Such disruption could have far-reaching impacts on arid ecosystems because many organisms sit within "brown food webs" that are sustained by energy derived from decomposition of senescent plant-tissues. </span></p>
Climate and non-native herbivores influence reproductive investment by Greater Sage-grouse
<p>Highly seasonal environments can increase competition among herbivores for nutrients, leading to consequences affecting rates of reproduction and survival. There is concern about the impacts of non-native ungulates on Greater Sage-grouse in the Great Basin of North America. We estimated nesting propensity, the annual proportion of females attempting a nest, for Greater Sage-grouse in relation to the abundance of ungulates using 7 years of data from the northwestern Great Basin, USA. We focused on nesting because it is the necessary first major investment required for the production of new recruits. We used a Bayesian multi-stratum model to investigate the effects of weather and sympatric non-native herbivores, free-roaming horses and domestic cattle, on reproductive rates and female survival of adult and yearling sage-grouse. Adults nested at a higher rate (0.931, 95% CI, 0.904 – 0.953) than yearlings (0.867, 95% CI, 0.802 – 0.922) under average conditions of all other covariates. If the first nest failed, renesting rates were similar between adults (0.349, 95% CI, 0.292 – 0.410) and yearlings (0.353, 95% CI, 0.217 – 0.507). Females in better body condition at the start of the season nested at higher rates, and moderately snowy winters led to the highest nesting propensity during the following spring. Drier conditions led to low rates of nesting, particularly in areas with dense cattle grazing. Female survival was lower for nesting females, indicating a survival cost of reproduction. Areas with abundant free-roaming horses had slightly higher nesting propensity, though other research suggests negative impacts later in the breeding cycle. Sage-grouse face life-history trade-offs that may be shifting due to changing climatic conditions. Our work suggests that the effects of competition with non-native ungulates on sage-grouse life-histories may be exacerbated by adverse weather.</p>
Herbivorous dietary selection shown by hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) within mixed woodland habitats
<p>Knowledge of diet and dietary selectivity is vital, especially for the conservation of declining species. Accurately obtaining this information, however, is difficult, especially if the study species feeds on a wide range of food items within heterogeneous and inaccessible environments, such as the tree canopy. Hawfinches ( Coccothraustes coccothraustes ), like many woodland birds, are declining for reasons that are unclear. We investigated the possible role that dietary selection may have in these declines in the UK. Here, we used a combination of high-throughput sequencing of 261 hawfinch faecal samples assessed against tree occurrence data from quadrats sampled in three hawfinch population strongholds in the UK to test for evidence of selective foraging. This revealed that hawfinches show selective feeding and consume certain tree genera disproportionally to availability. Positive selection was shown for beech (<em>Fagus</em>), cherry (<em>Prunus</em>), hornbeam (<em>Carpinus</em>), maples (<em>Acer</em>) and oak (<em>Quercus</em>), while Hawfinch avoided ash (<em>Fraxinus</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>), chestnut (<em>Castanea</em>), fir (<em>Abies</em>), hazel (<em>Corylus</em>), rowan (<em>Sorbus</em>) and lime (<em>Tilia</em>). This approach provided detailed information on hawfinch dietary choice and may be used to predict the effects of changing food resources on other declining passerine populations in the future.</p>
Take me for a ride: herbivores can facilitate plant re-invasions
<p>Herbivores shape plant invasions through impacts on demography and dispersal, yet only demographic mechanisms are well understood. Although herbivores negatively impact demography by definition, they can affect dispersal either negatively (e.g. seed consumption), or positively (e.g. caching). Exploring the nuances of how herbivores influence spatial spread will improve forecasting of plant movement on the landscape. Here, we aim to understand how herbivores impact how fast plant populations spread through varying impacts on plant demography and dispersal. We strive to determine if, and under what conditions, we see net positive effects of herbivores, in order to find scenarios where herbivores can help promote spread. We draw on classic invasion theory to develop a stage-structured integrodifference equation model that incorporates herbivore impacts on plant demography and dispersal. We simulate seven herbivore `syndromes' (combinations of demographic and/or dispersal effects) drawn from the literature to understand how increasing herbivore pressure alters plant spreading speed. We find that herbivores with solely negative effects on plant demography or dispersal always slow plant spreading speed, and that the speed slows monotonically as herbivore pressure increases. However, we also find that plant spreading speed can be hump-shaped with respect to herbivore pressure: plants spread faster in the presence of herbivores (for low herbivore pressure) and then slower (for high herbivore pressure). This result is robust, occurring across all syndromes where herbivores have a positive effect on plant dispersal, and is a sign that the positive effects of herbivores on dispersal can outweigh their negative effects on demography. For all syndromes we find that sufficiently high herbivore pressure results in population collapse. Thus, our findings show that herbivores can speed up or slow down plant spread. These insights allow for greater understanding of how to slow invasions, facilitate native species recolonization, and shape range shifts with global change. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.