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171 results for “hermaphroditism”
Figure 1 in The developmental variations of the sagitta otolith in the young and mature male of a hermaphrodite polynemidae fish, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a typical sagitta (right) showing various characteristics on the medial surface of Eleutheronema tetradactylum. Abbreviation here and in Fig. 2: A, anterior side; Ar, antirostrum; Cbl, caudal bulb; Cc, caudal colliculum; Ci, crista inferior; Co, concretion; Cs, crista superior; D, dorsal side; Dd, dorsal depression; Os, ostium; P, posterior side; R, rostrum; V, ventral side; zigzag arrow, growth stripes; arrow head, excisura major; arrow, mid-dorsal groove; double arrow, width between posterior caudal end and the postero-ventral margin, asterisk, 'V'-shaped ridge at the junction of ostium and cauda.
Figure 7 in The developmental variations of the sagitta otolith in the young and mature male of a hermaphrodite polynemidae fish, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Figure 7. Relationships of the body size groups with different sagitta constituents: (A) cauda width (CW); (B) length of caudal bulb (Cbl); (C) width between posterior caudal end and the postero-ventral margin (CPVM); (D) width between dorsal margin to crista superior (CrsD).
Fig. 6 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 6. Monthly prevalence of N. indica along the Malabar Coast of Kerala during the study period.
Environmental effects on the genetic architecture of fitness components in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
<p>Understanding how environmental change affects genetic variances and covariances of reproductive traits is key to formulate firm predictions on evolutionary responses. This is particularly true for sex-specific variance in reproductive success, which has been argued to affect how populations can adapt to environmental change. Our current knowledge on the impact of environmental stress on sex-specific genetic architecture of fitness components is still limited and restricted to separate-sexed organisms. However, hermaphroditism is widespread across animals and may entail interesting peculiarities with respect to genetic constraints imposed on the evolution of male and female reproduction. We explored how food restriction affects the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix of body size and reproductive success of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail <i>Physa acuta</i>. Our results provide strong evidence that the imposed environmental stress elevated the opportunity for selection in both sex functions. However, the G matrix remained largely stable across the tested food treatments. Importantly, our results provide no support for cross-sex genetic correlations suggesting no strong evolutionary coupling of male and female reproductive traits. We discuss potential implications for the adaptation to changing environments and highlight the need for more quantitative genetic studies on male and female fitness components in simultaneous hermaphrodites.</p>
Rapid evolution of sex role specialization in a hermaphrodite under sex-limited selection
<p>The evolution of separate sexes from hermaphroditism is thought to have occurred independently many times, and may be linked to the evolution of sex chromosomes. Even though we have a good understanding of the theoretical steps in the evolution of sex chromosomes from a hermaphrodite ancestor, the initial stages are still hard to study in animals because many well-studied animal sex chromosome systems are old. We addressed this problem by experimentally selecting a hermaphrodite via sex-limited experimental evolution for several generations, simulating the early stages in the evolution of a sex chromosome. After 14 generations, a fitness assay revealed evidence of incipient sex role specialization in the female-selected lines, presumably reflecting the release from constraints usually imposed by selection on the other sex role. Importantly, however, this was not simply explained by morphology because testis and ovary sizes did not diverge among treatments. There was no evidence of a change in the male-selected lines. Our study shows that sex role specialization can occur rapidly as a result of sex-limited selection, which is consistent with genetic constraints between sex roles, and in line with the first predicted steps toward the evolution of a new sex chromosome system.</p>
Differential sex allocation strategies between females and facultative hermaphrodites of Chamaelirium hisauchianum (Melanthiaceae)
<p><span>Species of <em>Chamaelirium</em> are known to be highly diversified in sexual characters, but there has been no detailed empirical approach to elucidate the mechanism and process of sexual diversification in the genus. This paper reports the results of population-based analyses on various sexual aspects of <em>C. hisauchianum</em> endemic to Japan. Of the 20 populations surveyed, eight (40%) were composed of facultative hermaphrodites highly labile in sexual expression, exhibiting a wide range of gradational variation from hermaphroditism through andromonoecy to male. The remaining 12 populations (60 %) consisted of females and facultative hermaphrodites. In them, 11.8–30.9% (mean 22.2%) of the individuals were female. With no reciprocal sex changes, females and facultative hermaphrodites were regarded as, plausibly genetically determined, discrete sex morphs. In contrast, sexual expression in both sex morphs appeared resource dependent. Besides the difference in floral sexual traits, the average ratio of ovuliferous flowers in females was higher than that in facultative hermaphrodites. The production of ovuliferous flowers by females was less susceptible to both field and cultivated conditions and tended to be significantly relatively higher under unfavorable growing conditions. Females were thus less plastic (or more persistent) in producing ovuliferous flowers (or female organs) than facultative hermaphrodites irrespective of internal and external conditions. In all populations, andromonoecious plants dominated (50.8–100%), which appeared to reflect the high plasticity in sex allocation of facultative hermaphrodites. The different modes of sex allocation were regarded as secondary sex characters and presumably stem from a difference in easiness or attainability of sexual reproduction between the two sex morphs. </span></p>
Propensity for selfing varies within a population of hermaphroditic snails: coexistence of selfers, outcrossers, and mixed-mating individuals
<p class="MsoNormal">To understand mating-system evolution in self-compatible hermaphrodites, variation in selfing rates is highly relevant. Empirical studies are rarely designed to capture variation between individuals, instead often comparing species and populations. Yet, evolution primarily occurs within populations, rendering among-individual variation essential. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Observed individual selfing rates depend on the environment (<em>e.g.</em>, differences in mate availability) and individuals' propensity for selfing. We quantified individual variation in selfing propensity in the snail <em>Radix balthica</em> by conducting laboratory mating trials that manipulated mate availability (low <em>vs.</em> moderate) and estimating selfing rates from progeny arrays. We also measured female lifetime fitness. We found substantial among-individual variation in selfing propensity, including pure selfers (32%), pure outcrossers (31%), and mixed-mating individuals that selfed and outcrossed (37%). Experimental levels of mate availability did not significantly affect selfing rates. Selfers had reduced female liftetime fitness.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Our results show that the propensity for selfing can differ considerably among individuals, with similar proportions of selfers, outcrossers, and mixed maters. As mate availability did not affect selfing, our "moderate" level might still have been too low to prompt selfers to outcross. This and the observed fitness differences also cautiously suggest that investigating the heritability of selfing propensities might be worthwhile in this population.</p>
Multiple and extra-pair mating in a pair-living hermaphrodite, the intertidal limpet Siphonaria gigas
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Differential sex allocation strategies between females and facultative hermaphrodites of Chamaelirium hisauchianum (Melanthiaceae)
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Data from: Macroevolutionary patterns in marine hermaphroditism
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Data from: Mating consequences of contrasting hermaphroditic plant sexual systems
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Different effects of mating group size as male and as female on sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
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Rapid evolution of sex role specialization in a hermaphrodite under sex-limited selection
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Environmental effects on the genetic architecture of fitness components in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
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Evolution of sex allocation plasticity in a hermaphroditic flatworm genus
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Data from: Mate availability determines use of alternative reproductive phenotypes in hermaphrodites
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Data from: Functions of bidirectional sex change and simultaneously hermaphroditic phase gonads in the monogamous goby Lubricogobius exiguus
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Data from: Hermaphroditism promotes mate diversity in flowering plants
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Propensity for selfing varies within a population of hermaphroditic snails: coexistence of selfers, outcrossers, and mixed-mating individuals
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Assessing the genetic diversity in Argopecten nucleus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae), a functional hermaphrodite species with extremely low population density and self-fertilization: effect of null alleles
<p>Argopecten nucleus is a functional hermaphroditic pectinid species that exhibits self-fertilization, whose natural populations have usually very low densities. In the present study, the genetic diversity of a wild population from Neguanje Bay, Santa Marta (Colombia), was estimated using microsatellite markers, and the effect of the presence of null alleles on this estimation was assessed. A total of 8 microsatellite markers were developed, the first described for this species, and their amplification conditions were standardized. They were used to determine the genotype of 48 wild individuals from Naguanje Bay, and 1010 individuals derived from the offspring of 38 directed crosses. For each locus, the frequencies of the identified alleles, including null alleles, were estimated using the statistical package Micro-Checker, and the parental genotypes were confirmed using segregation analysis. Three to 8 alleles per locus with frequencies from 0.001 to 0.632 were detected. The frequencies of null alleles ranged from 0.10 to 0.45, with Ho from 0.0 to 0.79 and He from 0.53 to 0.80. All loci were in H-W disequilibrium. The null alleles frequencies values were high, with lower estimations using segregation analysis than estimated using Micro-Checker. The present results show high levels of population genetic diversity, and indicate that null alleles were not the only cause of deviation from HW equilibrium in all loci, suggesting that the wild population under study presents signs of inbreeding and Wahlun effect.</p>
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