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FIGURE 4. A in Diversity of Myxomycetes from Peru Part III: The high Andes and the altiplano

FIGURE 4. A. Sporocarps of Physarum crateriforme (MA-Fungi 95849). B. Physarum dictyospermum (MA-Fungi 97733). C. Physarum rubiginosum (MA-Fungi 95762). D. Physarum squamosum (MA-Fungi 95240). E. Spores by SEM of Physarum synsporum (MA-Fungi 94524). F. Sporocarps of Polyschismium trevelyanii (MA-Fungi 96168). Scales A-D, F = 0.2 mm; E = 5 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Diversity of Myxomycetes from Peru Part III: The high Andes and the altiplano

FIGURE 6. Percentage of collections (lines) and species (bars) of Myxomycetes recorded at each different substrate pH in moist chamber cultures from this survey, from Lomas and coastal desert (Lado et al. 2016) and cardonal (Lado et al. 2019).

FIGURE 5 in Diversity of Myxomycetes from Peru Part III: The high Andes and the altiplano

FIGURE 5. Comparison, by order, of the results obtained in the highlands (these results), Lomas (Lado et al. 2016) and cardonal (Lado et al. 2019) areas of Peru.

FIGURE 2 in Diversity of Myxomycetes from Peru Part III: The high Andes and the altiplano

FIGURE 2. Ecosystems and representative species inhabiting the highlands of the Peruvian Andes. A. The high Andean scrub with the predominance of shrub species of Baccharis sp. B. Agave americana and other cacti. C. The "pajonal" ecosystem with the predominance of the grassland flora. D. Stand of Polylepis sp. trees. E. Isolated stand of the emblematic Puya raimondii. F. The communities of cushion plants "yaretales" of Azorella compacta G. Wetland plant communities "bofedales". H. Senecio comosus in cryoturbated soil.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Andean non-volant small mammals: a dataset of community assemblages of non-volant small mammals from the high Andes

Information from diversity inventories is used to study patterns of biodiversity and species distribution; likewise, it may be useful to identify priority areas for conservation, and to guide future sampling efforts. In this context, we compiled information on non-volant small mammal communities from the high Andes (> 2,000 m.). Here we present an open resource data set containing information diversity (species composition, number of individuals captured ), inventory design (type of traps, sampling efforts), and environment (habitat) for both unpublished and published information. This study covers 630 mammalian communities, geographically distributed throughout the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. We compiled a total of 26,412 individual records belonging to 240 species; the order with greatest number of records was Rodentia (n=25,319, 96.06%), followed by Didelphimorphia (n=373, 1.42%), Eulipotyphla (n=358, 1.36%) and Paucituberculata, (n=307, 1.16%). Andean non-volant small mammal communities harbor a range of 1-17 species, with 93.06 % of sites being composed of one to five species, 27.78% of sites ranging in richness from six to ten species, and 4.17% are composed by more than ten species. Multiple sampling methods were used to survey non-volant small mammals; the most representative methods being the use of snap-traps and Sherman traps, or a combination of both, in more than 81% of the studies. The Andean Non-Volant Small Mammals Data Paper represents the first large dataset of faunal species inventories for Andes. There are no copyright restrictions associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this Data Paper when its data are used total or partially in research or teaching.

opennotspecifiedJul 2016View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. C. f. frater Thomas, 1902 — S Bolivia (E Potosi Department). C. f. barbarous Thomas, 1921 — NW Argentina (S Jujuy and adjacent Salta provinces). C. f. budini Thomas, 1913 — NW Argentina (high altitudes in Jujuy and WC Salta provinces). C. f. mordosus Thomas, 1926 — S Bolivia (S Tarija); possibly adjacent N Argentina (Jujuy Province). C. f. sylvanus Thomas, 1919 — NW Argentina (base of Andes in E Jujuy and W Salta provinces). in Ctenomyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. f. frater Thomas, 1902 — S Bolivia (E Potosi Department). C. f. barbarous Thomas, 1921 — NW Argentina (S Jujuy and adjacent Salta provinces). C. f. budini Thomas, 1913 — NW Argentina (high altitudes in Jujuy and WC Salta provinces). C. f. mordosus Thomas, 1926 — S Bolivia (S Tarija); possibly adjacent N Argentina (Jujuy Province). C. f. sylvanus Thomas, 1919 — NW Argentina (base of Andes in E Jujuy and W Salta provinces).

FIGURE 16–17 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 16–17. Female eumaeine hairstreak phenotypes showing dorsal (upper images) and ventral (lower images) wing surafaces. 16 = Shapiroana matusikorum Johnson, 1992 (holotype female); 17 = Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson, 1990 (Ancash, Peru). (16: reproduced from Warren et al. 2017; 17: photos: P. Boyer)

FIGURE 12 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 12. Penaincisalia culminicola (Staudinger, 1894) male thermal regulating on a heat radiating rock (Ancash, Peru, 10.VI.2019). (photo: P. Boyer)

FIGURE 13–15 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 13–15. Female genitalia in ventral view. 13 = Rhamma oxida (Hewitson, 1870) (type species of Rhamma Johnson, 1992); 14 = Shapiroana matusikorum Johnson, 1992 (holotype); 15 = Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson, 1990. (reproduced from Johnson, 1992)

FIGURE 11. Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson, 1990 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 11. Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson, 1990 male lekking on a lichen covered rock (Ancash, Peru, 18.VI.2021). (photo: P Boyer)

FIGURE 10 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 10. Environment of the type locality of Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. n., 4600 m, Huancavelica, Peru, IX.2021. (photo: P. Boyer)

FIGURE 9 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 9. Type localities of Penaincisalia species with male orange dorsal colouration. Penaincisalia alina Bálint, 2019 (Apurímac: Abancay Pass), P. aurulenta Johnson, 1990 (Ancash: Caraz), P. jadwigae sp. n. (Huancavelica), P. perezi Bálint, 2001 (Ancash: Parque Nacional Huascarán, Quebrada Demanda) and P. sp. (Apurímac: Abancay Pass).

FIGURE 7–8 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 7–8. Female genitalia of Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. n. in lateral (7) and ventral view (8). Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1–4 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 1–4. Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. n. type material. 1 = holotype dorsum, 2 = ditto, ventrum, 3 = paratype no. 1. (allotype) female dorsum, 4 = ditto, ventrum. All specimens under same magnification. Scale: holotype fore wing costa length 11 mm.

FIGURE 5–6 in A new high-altitude species of Penaincisalia Johnson, 1990 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peruvian Andes

FIGURE 5–6. Male genitalia capsula and aedeagus of Penaincisalia jadwigae sp. n. in lateral (5) and ventral view (aedeagus excluded) (6). Scale bar: 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Distribution. Andes and high Andean environments in S Peru, extreme N Chile, SW Bolivia, and NW Argentina. in Cricetidae

Distribution. Andes and high Andean environments in S Peru, extreme N Chile, SW Bolivia, and NW Argentina.

Figure 3 in Taxonomic inflation and a reconsideration of speciation in the Andes: the case of the high-elevation tree frog Dendropsophus molitor (Anura: Hylidae)

Figure 3. Comparison of morphometric variation between D. molitor and D. luddeckei. A, PCA plot that represents morphometric differences along the first two PC axes (cumulative explanation of variance ~40%). B, Composition plot for the discriminant analysis, which shows membership probability for each individual. C, Distribution of BIC values for Model-Based Clustering Analysis. The best fit model was 'ellipsoidal, equal volume' (EVV).

Figure 2 in Taxonomic inflation and a reconsideration of speciation in the Andes: the case of the high-elevation tree frog Dendropsophus molitor (Anura: Hylidae)

Figure 2. Bayesian species delimitation test (iBPP) with an integrated dataset. Each node of the tree indicates the posterior probabilities of Bayesian species delimitations inferred under nine different combinations of priors on theta and tau obtained from a Gamma distribution. Each of the resulting posterior probabilities for the different combinations of theta and tau are colour coded and indicated in 3 × 3 boxes on each node. The large 3 × 3 inset indicates the position of each prior combination in these boxes. Species that belong to the 'molitor' group (D. molitor, D. luddeckei, D. meridensis, D. pelidnus) showed very low support (posterior probability) as different species for all theta and tau combinations in contrast to the other Dendropsophus species.

Figure 4 in Taxonomic inflation and a reconsideration of speciation in the Andes: the case of the high-elevation tree frog Dendropsophus molitor (Anura: Hylidae)

Figure 4. MC1R coding region test for association with colour polymorphism. A, Haplotype network for MC1R including D. molitor (green, variegated, and brown) and O. histrionica (black and brown) individuals. Haplotypes of D. molitor did not clustered in association with colour pattern, whereas O. histrionica showed different haplotypes for brown and black dorsal background colour patterns. B, SNPs found in the 557 bp fragment of the coding region of MC1R amplified for D. molitor in comparison with O. histrionica. The alignment shows a 34 bp region (from 409 bp to 443 bp) of this gene. Each morphotype for D. molitor (green, variegated, and brown) and O. histrionica (black and brown) is represented by coloured vertical bars at the right of the alignment. Positions highlighted in a red box indicate Δ433 and C432A mutations responsible for differences in darker dorsal background colour patterns in O. histrionica (Posso-Terranova and Andrés 2017).

Figure 1 in Taxonomic inflation and a reconsideration of speciation in the Andes: the case of the high-elevation tree frog Dendropsophus molitor (Anura: Hylidae)

Figure 1. Distribution, phenotypic variation, and phylogenetic relationships for D. molitor and D. luddeckei. A, Map of the sampling localities. Triangles: sampling points for the putative species D. luddeckei. Circles: sampling points for D. molitor. Additional information for each sample and locality is given in Supporting Information, Table S1. The vertical dashed line delineates the contact zone between both putative species proposed by Guarnizo et al. (2012) B, Colour polymorphism of D. molitor is defined as three morphotypes: solid green, variegated and solid brown in order from top to bottom. Photographs by the authors. C, Bayesian consensus phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA markers (12S, 16S, and COI). Nodes show the bootstrap support on the left and the posterior probability on the right. Nodes indicating only the posterior probability were not supported by ML bootstrap and nodes without values were not supported by both ML and BI. Asterisks next to sample names in the phylogeny indicate the individuals added in this study. Colour and symbol codes are as described in panel A. Vertical bars at the right of the phylogeny show the results of the ASAP and bPTP species delimitation tests.