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98 results for “hyena”
Evaluating drivers of female dominance in the spotted hyena: R code and data
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Data from: Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in wild spotted hyenas
Social rank can profoundly affect many aspects of mammalian reproduction and stress physiology, but little is known about how immune function is affected by rank and other socioecological factors in free-living animals. In this study, we examine the effects of sex, social rank and reproductive status on immune function in long-lived carnivores that are routinely exposed to a plethora of pathogens, yet rarely show signs of disease. Here, we show that two types of immune defences, complement-mediated bacterial killing capacity (BKC) and total IgM, are positively correlated with social rank in wild hyenas, but that a third type, total IgG, does not vary with rank. Female spotted hyenas, which are socially dominant to males in this species, have higher BKC, and higher IgG and IgM concentrations, than do males. Immune defences are lower in lactating than pregnant females, suggesting the immune defences may be energetically costly. Serum cortisol and testosterone concentrations are not reliable predictors of basic immune defences in wild female spotted hyenas. These results suggest that immune defences are costly and multiple socioecological variables are important determinants of basic immune defences among wild hyenas. The effects of these variables should be accounted for when attempting to understand disease ecology and immune function.
Data from: Lifetime selection on a hypoallometric trait in the spotted hyena
Size-related traits are common targets of natural selection, yet there is a relative paucity of data on selection among mammals, particularly from studies measuring lifetime reproductive success (LRS). We present the first phenotypic selection analysis using LRS on size-related traits in a large terrestrial carnivore, the spotted hyena, which displays a rare pattern of female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Using path analysis, we investigate the operation of selection to address hypotheses proposed to explain SSD in spotted hyenas. Ideal size measures are elusive, and allometric variation often obfuscates interpretation of size proxies. We adopt a novel approach integrating two common methods of assessing size, and demonstrate lifetime selection on size-related traits that scale hypoallometrically with overall body size. Our data support selection on hypoallometric traits in hyenas, but not on traits exhibiting isometric or hyperallometric scaling relationships, or on commonly-used measures of overall body size. Our results represent the first estimate of lifetime selection on a large carnivore, and suggest a possible route for maintenance of female-biased SSD in spotted hyenas. Finally, our results highlight the importance of choosing appropriate measures when estimating animal body size, and suggest caution in interpreting selection on size-related traits as selection on size itself.
Leopard and spotted hyena camera trap dataset
<p><span>Human disturbance has the potential to alter competitive interactions, favoring species better able to adapt to areas used by humans. One such species is the spotted hyena (<em>Crocutu crocuta</em>), which has been successful in human dominated areas throughout Africa, competing through kleptoparasitism with other carnivore species (e.g., leopards [<em>Panthera pardus</em>]). In the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania, leopard density declines sharply close to human settlements and hyenas are their only competitors. Using camera trap data and a spatio-temporal occupancy model, we assessed the relative dominance of each species through spatial co-occurrence, altered activity patterns and temporary site avoidance. We tested the hypothesis that hyenas gain a competitive advantage over leopards in human-dominated areas due to their relatively higher tolerance for anthropogenic activities. We found that while hyena occupancy was best predicted by prey occupancy and not strongly affected by landscape factors associated with humans, leopards, </span><span>especially male leopards, were </span><span>less likely to be detected close to human settlements</span><span>. Female leopards, which are smaller than males, exhibited activity shifts and temporary site avoidance in response to hyenas, whereas hyenas shifted their activity patterns in response to male leopards. These results suggest that while hyenas may be behaviorally dominant over female leopards, they are subordinate to male leopards. We found that male leopards and hyenas were less </span><span>likely to co-occur closer to people, especially where prey was scarce, suggesting </span><span>subordinance of hyenas to male leopards may be mitigated by human disturbance</span><span>.</span><span> Furthermore, young male leopards shifted their activity patterns to be more diurnal in response to hyena presence, suggesting that dominance relationship between hyenas and leopards develops with age and is probably related to body size. These results indicate that human disturbance has the potential to affect the competitive relationship between leopards and hyenas in the Udzungwa mountains, but that relationships will vary with sex and body size.</span></p>
Distribution. The Striped Hyena has a in Hyaenidae
Distribution. The Striped Hyena has a very large range, covering much of Africa and western Asia. Although they do not occur in the central Sahara, these animals occur at low density in patches throughout eastern, western and northern Africa, including Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Tunisia. Striped Hyenas also occur in the Middle East and Central Asia. Middle Eastern and Asian countries included in the modern distribution of the Striped Hyena are Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Yemen. The current distribution of this species is patchy, and usually appears to occur in small, isolated populations.
Distribution. Most of Africa S of the Sahara Desert, except in lowland tropical rainforests. Spotted Hyenas have been extirpated from many areas of southern Africa. in Hyaenidae
Distribution. Most of Africa S of the Sahara Desert, except in lowland tropical rainforests. Spotted Hyenas have been extirpated from many areas of southern Africa.
Distribution. Most of Africa S of the Sahara Desert, except in lowland tropical rainforests. Spotted Hyenas have been extirpated from many areas of southern Africa. in Hyaenidae
Distribution. Most of Africa S of the Sahara Desert, except in lowland tropical rainforests. Spotted Hyenas have been extirpated from many areas of southern Africa.
On following pages: 2. Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta); 3. Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena); 4. Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea). in Hyaenidae
On following pages: 2. Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta); 3. Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena); 4. Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea).
Male hyena endurance data
<p>In traditional definitions of endurance rivalry, individuals compete to remain reproductively active longer than their rivals, but these time periods are typically brief, such as a single breeding season. Here, we explored endurance rivalry among adult males in a long-lived species that breeds year-round, the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). We found that most dispersing males navigated the adaptive challenges of remaining in their new clans ("enduring") for over two years before siring their first cub. Additionally, sires remained in their new clans at least four years, whereas males that never sired any cubs typically disappeared by their fourth year of tenure. This suggests that males might incorporate their initial reproductive success in the clan into their decisions regarding whether to "endure" by remaining in the current clan or to disperse again to another clan. Finally, we used Bayesian mixed modeling to explore variation in annual male reproductive success, which we found to have a positive linear relationship with tenure and a quadratic relationship with age. A male's rate of social associations with adult females, but not aggressive interactions with those females, was predictive of his annual reproductive success. We also found substantial individual variation in annual reproductive success across males. Our results support the notion that male spotted hyenas compete via an extended endurance rivalry; tenure unequivocally improves male reproductive success, but advanced age does not, and questions remain regarding other traits that might be salient to the rivalry or to female mate choice in this species.</p>
Diurnal pastoralism does not reduce juvenile recruitment nor elevate allostatic load in spotted hyenas
<p>1. Anthropogenic activity can have substantial effects on wildlife. These effects may vary according to the characteristics of the activity and the species involved. While effects on behavior are well-studied, studies of effects on fitness and physiology are scarce, particularly for group-living species.</p> <p>2. We exploited a natural experimental setup to investigate the effect of diurnal pastoralism on juvenile recruitment and allostatic load in a population of free-ranging spotted hyenas in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, over a 24-year period.</p> <p>3. Pastoralism was restricted to the territories of two of the eight study clans, allowing us to compare juvenile recruitment in exposed and unexposed clans. We also compared fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (fGMC) – a biomarker of an organism's allostatic load – between exposed and unexposed clans using 975 fecal samples from 475 hyenas.</p> <p>4. We found no detectable difference in juvenile recruitment nor fGMC between the exposed and unexposed clans, indicating that the pastoralism had no substantial deleterious effect on the spotted hyenas. The lack of a deleterious effect likely stems from the combined effect of the predictable and undisruptive nature of the pastoralism, the socio-ecology of spotted hyenas, and the Ngorongoro Crater's consistently abundant prey.</p> <p>5. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to anthropogenic activity may be compatible with the persistence of certain group-living species, especially if the overlap between the species' critical behaviors and the activity is limited. Our study thereby provides new perspectives for ecologists, conservation biologists, and stakeholders who seek to assess human-wildlife conflicts and balance the needs of local human communities and wildlife.</p>
Figure 3 in Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus 1758): feeding ecology based on den prey remains in a pastoralist landscape, southern Kenya
Figure 3: General and detail view of the (a) Lenkobei basal block of rugged rock outcrops containing (b) many cavities and hideouts, with dispersed bones and scats (credit J.-Ph. Brugal).
Figure 2 in Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus 1758): feeding ecology based on den prey remains in a pastoralist landscape, southern Kenya
Figure 2: Location of the Hill Den and panorama of the Shompole plains (white car: red arrow). Photo taken from the hilltop where den was located (credit J.-Ph. Brugal).
Figure 1 in Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus 1758): feeding ecology based on den prey remains in a pastoralist landscape, southern Kenya
Figure 1: Study area and striped hyena dens location (Shompole conservancy). Map realized using Google Earth software. CAD J.-B. Fourvel.
Male hyena endurance data
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Data from: Effects of trophy hunting leftovers on the ranging behaviour of large carnivores: a case study on spotted hyenas
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Data from: Lifetime selection on a hypoallometric trait in the spotted hyena
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Data from: Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in wild spotted hyenas
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Stable social structure of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) during the dry and wet season in Central Tuli, Botswana
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Leopard and spotted hyena camera trap dataset
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Diurnal pastoralism does not reduce juvenile recruitment nor elevate allostatic load in spotted hyenas
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