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236 results for “immigration”
Immigration credit of temperate forest herbs in fragmented landscapes – implications for restoration of habitat connectivity
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Social context, but not individual personality, alters immigrant viability in a spider with mixed social structure
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Immigration of Sogatella furcifera from the Greater Mekong Subregion into northern China revealed by 2b-RAD sequencing
Background The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera, Delphacidae), is a migratory pest of rice in Asia. Shandong Province, in northern China, is located on the migration pathway of WBPH between southern and northeast China. The potential sources of WBPH in northern China are poorly understood. We studied the sources of WBPH in Shandong Province by determining the population genetic structure of WBPH in 18 sites distributed in Shandong and in six regions of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). We used mitochondrial gene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers (2b-RAD sequencing) for analysis. Results All of the WBPH populations studied in the seven regions had low genetic diversity. Pairwise F ST values ranged from -0.061 to 0.285, while F ST based on SNP data ranged from -0.007 to 0.009. These two molecular markers revealed that 4.40% (mtDNA) and 0.19% (SNP) genetic variation could be explained by the interpopulation variation, while the rest came from intrapopulation variation. The populations in the seven geographic regions comprised four hypothetical genetic clusters (K = 4) not associated with geographic location. Eighty-four of 129 individuals distributed across the given area were designated as recent migrants or of admixed ancestry. Although the substantial migration presented, a weak but significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found (r = 0.083, P = 0.004). Conclusion GMS was the main source of WBPH in Shandong, while other source populations may also exist. The genetic structure of WBPH is shaped by both migration and geographic barriers. These results help clarify the migration route and the source of WBPH in northern China.
Data from: Immigrant inviability produces a strong barrier to gene flow between parapatric ecotypes of Senecio lautus
Speciation proceeds when gene exchange is prevented between populations. Determining the different barriers preventing gene flow can therefore give insights into the factors driving and maintaining species boundaries. These reproductive barriers may result from intrinsic genetic incompatibilities between populations, from extrinsic environmental differences between populations, or a combination of both mechanisms. We investigated the potential barriers to gene exchange between three adjacent ecotypes of an Australian wildflower to determine the strength of individual barriers and the degree of overall isolation between populations. We found almost complete isolation between the three populations mainly due to premating extrinsic barriers. Intrinsic genetic barriers were weak and variable amongst populations. There were asymmetries in some intrinsic barriers due to the origin of cytoplasm in hybrids, which combined with weak selection against hybrids has the potential to facilitate gene flow in the system, specifically from Dune and Headland ecotypes into the Island ecotype. Overall, these results suggest that reproductive isolation between these three populations is almost complete despite the absence of geographic barriers, and that the main drivers of this isolation are ecologically based, consistent with the mechanisms underlying ecological speciation.
Data from: Dissecting biodiversity in a global hotspot: uneven dynamics of immigration and diversification within the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
Aim: Fragmented distributions should show immigration and diversification dynamics consistent with the predictions of island biogeography theory. We test whether this applies to the fragmented Cape fynbos vegetation. Location: Southern Africa, Cape Floristic Region (CFR) Taxon: Angiosperms, Restionaceae (restios) Methods: We used a large occurrence dataset and environmental layers to characterize an existing regionalization and the intervals between the regions ecologically and spatially. We extended the available phylogeny for restios and inferred their historical biogeography using models implemented in BioGeoBEARS. We then measured the relative contribution of immigration and in situ speciation to the species richness of each region within the CFR. We used standard statistical methods to test the predictions of the island biogeography theory. Results: The area and environmental heterogeneity of the seven regions of the CFR are positively correlated with in situ speciation rate. Furthermore, more isolated areas, and areas colonized more recently, have proportionally higher immigration rates, and more central and older areas proportionally higher in situ speciation rates. Main Conclusions: The variation in immigration and diversification dynamics among the regions within the CFR is extensive and consistent with the archipelago model of island biography theory. This dynamic may contribute significantly to the diversity of the Cape flora. Such a model could be generally useful for understanding the generation and maintenance of diversity in biodiversity hotspots, and may even scale up to explain continental biodiversity.
Recent immigrants alter the quantitative genetic architecture of paternity in song sparrows
Quantifying additive genetic variances and cross-sex covariances in reproductive traits, and identifying processes that shape and maintain such (co)variances, is central to understanding the evolutionary dynamics of reproductive systems. Gene flow resulting from among-population dispersal could substantially alter additive genetic variances and covariances in key traits in recipient populations, thereby altering forms of sexual conflict, indirect selection and evolutionary responses. However, the degree to which genes imported by immigrants do in fact affect quantitative genetic architectures of key reproductive traits and outcomes is rarely explicitly quantified. We applied structured quantitative genetic analyses to multi-year pedigree, pairing and paternity data from free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to quantify the differences in mean breeding values for major sex-specific reproductive traits, specifically female extra-pair reproduction and male paternity loss, between recent immigrants and the previously existing population. We thereby quantify effects of natural immigration on the means, variances and cross-sex covariance in total additive genetic values for extra-pair paternity arising within the complex socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous reproductive system. Recent immigrants had lower mean breeding values for male paternity loss, and somewhat lower values for female extra-pair reproduction, than the local recipient population, and would therefore increase the emerging degree of reproductive fidelity of social pairings. Furthermore, immigration increased the variances in total additive genetic values for these traits, but decreased the magnitudes of the negative cross-sex genetic covariation and correlation below those evident in the existing population. Immigration thereby increased the total additive genetic variance but could decrease the magnitude of indirect selection acting on sex-specific contributions to paternity outcomes. These results demonstrate that dispersal and resulting immigration and gene flow can substantially affect quantitative genetic architectures of complex local reproductive systems, implying that comprehensive theoretical and empirical efforts to understand mating system dynamics will need to incorporate spatial population processes.
Data from: Immigrant and extrinsic hybrid seed inviability contribute to reproductive isolation between forest and dune ecotypes of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae)
Reproductive isolation caused by divergent natural selection arising from differences between ecological environments or ecological interactions represents a major mechanism contributing to speciation, but its relative importance is poorly known. In this study, controlled reciprocal crossings and seed germination experiments were combined with genetic and morphometric analyses to test the hypothesis that previously described differences in mycorrhizal communities between forest and dune ecotypes of Epipactis helleborine were sufficiently strong to create complete reproductive isolation between the two ecotypes. The results showed that immigrant seeds had a significantly lower probability of protocorm formation than native seeds, indicating strong immigrant inviability. Although both ecotypes were able to cross easily and to produce a large number of viable seeds, hybrid seeds showed significantly lower protocorm formation than pure seeds, further contributing to reproductive isolation. Molecular analyses using 770 SNP markers showed that the two ecotypes were genetically distinct and that populations of the dune ecotype were genetically impoverished compared to populations of the forest ecotype. Morphologically, the two ecotypes were also significantly different, with plants of the dune ecotype generally being smaller than plants of the forest ecotype. Overall, these results indicate that interfertile populations of a widespread orchid adapting to contrasting environments diverge as a consequence of concurrent selection acting against immigrants and hybrids and suggest that mycorrhizal fungi can play a role in the early stages of plant speciation.
Extinction-immigration dynamics lag behind environmental filtering in shaping the composition of tropical dry forests within a changing landscape
The impact of rapid habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity is a major issue. However, we still lack an integrative understanding of how these changes influence biodiversity dynamics over time. In this study, we investigate the effects of these changes in terms of both niche-based and neutral dynamics. We hypothesize that habitat loss has delayed effects on neutral immigration-extinction dynamics, while edge effects and environmental heterogeneity in habitat patches have rapid effects on niche-based dynamics. We analyzed taxonomic and functional composition of 100 tree communities in a tropical dry forest landscape of New-Caledonia subject to habitat loss and fragmentation. We designed an original, process-based simulation framework, and performed Approximate Bayesian Computation to infer the influence of niche-based and neutral processes. Then, we performed partial regressions to evaluate the relationships between inferred parameter values of communities and landscape metrics (distance to edge, patch area, and habitat amount around communities), derived from either recent or past (65 yrs ago) aerial photographs, while controlling for the effect of soil and topography. We found that landscape structure influences both environmental filtering and immigration. Immigration rate was positively related to past habitat amount surrounding communities. In contrast, environmental filtering was mostly affected by present landscape structure and mainly influenced by edge vicinity and topography. Our results highlight that landscape changes have contrasting spatio-temporal influences on niche-based and neutral assembly dynamics. First, landscape-level habitat loss and community isolation reduce immigration and increase demographic stochasticity, resulting in slow decline of local species diversity and extinction debt. Second, recent edge creation affects environmental filtering, incurring rapid changes in community composition by favoring species with edge-adapted strategies. Our study brings new insights about temporal impacts of landscape changes on biodiversity dynamics. We stress that landscape history critically influences these dynamics and should be taken into account in conservation policies.
Data from: Maintenance of soil ecotypes of Solidago virgaurea in close parapatry via divergent flowering time and selection against immigrants
1. The often patchy distribution of serpentine geology can lead to abrupt changes in soil and microclimates. Thus, serpentine areas provide an ideal natural laboratory to understand how divergent selection drives the process of local adaptation in edaphically endemic plant species. In case where the serpentine ecotype is surrounded by related non-soil specialists, a balance of natural selection and potential gene flow should be a key factor to maintain the different ecotypes over very short distances. We aimed to reveal the mechanisms to enable soil ecotypes of a goldenrod species to occur almost sympatric situations in Japan. 2. We performed field surveys to characterize microenvironments and reproductive timings of each ecotype, common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments, artificial crossing, and population genetic analysis. 3. Growth chamber experiments show that serpentine plants showed higher leaf mass per area and greater resource allocation to their root systems than did their non-serpentine counterparts, a potential adaptation to drier soil condition in serpentine habitats. Reciprocal transplants demonstrated a clear pattern of local adaptation in the plant growth rate. Importantly, serpentine populations completed flowering by mid-summer versus late summer in non-serpentine plants. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that early flowering ensures reproductive success, before the microclimatic conditions becomes severest in open habitats. Although prezygotic isolation was a strong barrier to gene flow, genetic differentiation was very low, indicating a recent origin for the serpentine ecotypes and/or gene flow at low frequencies. 4. Synthesis. The findings indicate that the early-flowering times of serpentine ecotypes, which would have been selected for by microclimates in serpentine areas, can play roles in local adaptation, but also population isolation via a by-product of diverged reproductive timings. This study contributes to general understanding of the initial stages of plant ecological speciation under potential gene flow in very small geographic scales.
Data from: Mycorrhizal divergence and selection against immigrant seeds in forest and dune populations of the partially mycoheterotrophic Pyrola rotundifolia
Plant populations occupying different habitats may diverge from each other over time and gradually accumulate genetic and morphological differences, ultimately resulting in ecotype or even species formation. In plant species that critically rely on mycorrhizal fungi, differences in mycorrhizal communities can contribute to ecological isolation by reducing or even inhibiting germination of immigrant seeds. In this study, we investigated whether the mycorrhizal communities available in the soil and associating with the roots of seedlings and adult plants of the mixotrophic Pyrola rotundifolia differed between populations growing in sand dunes and forests. In addition, reciprocal germination experiments were performed to test whether native seeds showed higher germination than immigrant seeds. Our results showed that the mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between forest and dune populations, and that within populations seedlings and adults also associated with different mycorrhizal communities. In both forest and dune populations, mycorrhizal communities were dominated by members of the Thelephoraceae, but dune populations showed a higher incidence of members of the Inocybaceae, whereas forest populations showed a high abundance of members of the Russulaceae. Reciprocal germination experiments showed that native seeds showed a higher germination success than immigrant seeds and this effect was most pronounced in dune populations. Overall, these results demonstrate that plants of P. rotundifolia growing in dune and forest habitats associate with different mycorrhizal communities and that reduced germination of non-native seeds may contribute to reproductive isolation. We conclude that selection against immigrants may constitute an important reproductive barrier at early stages of the speciation process.
Data from: Divergent natural selection promotes immigrant inviability at early and late stages of evolutionary divergence
Natural selection's role in speciation has been of fundamental importance since Darwin first outlined his theory. Recently, work has focused on understanding how selection drives trait divergence, and subsequently reproductive isolation. 'Immigrant inviability', a barrier that arises from selection against immigrants in their non-native environment, appears to be of particular importance. Although immigrant inviability is likely ubiquitous, we know relatively little about how selection acts on traits to drive immigrant inviability, and how important immigrant inviability is at early-versus-late stages of divergence. We present a study evaluating the role of predation in the evolution of immigrant inviability in recently-diverged population pairs and a well-established species pair of Brachyrhaphis fishes. We evaluate performance in a high-predation environment by assessing survival in the presence of a predator, and swimming endurance in a low-predation environment. We find strong signatures of local adaptation and immigrant inviability of roughly the same magnitude both early and late in divergence. We find remarkably conserved selection for burst-speed swimming (important in predator evasion), and selection for increased size in low-predation environments. Our results highlight the consistency with which selection acts during speciation, and suggest that similar factors might promote initial population differentiation and maintain differentiation at late stages of divergence.
Data from: Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U.S.A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling
The Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/Pg) mass extinction has long been viewed as a pivotal event in mammalian evolutionary history, in which the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs allowed mammals to rapidly expand from small-bodied, generalized insectivores to a wide array of body sizes and ecological specializations. Many studies have used global- or continental-scale taxonomic databases to analyze this event on coarse temporal scales, but few studies have documented morphological diversity of mammalian paleocommunities on fine spatiotemporal scales in order to examine ecomorphological selectivity and ecospace filling across this critical transition. Focusing on well-sampled and temporally well-constrained mammalian faunas across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, I quantified dental-shape disparity and morphospace occupancy via landmark- and semilandmark-based geometric morphometrics and mean body size, body-size disparity, and body-size structure via body-mass estimates. My results reveal several key findings: (1) latest Cretaceous mammals, particularly metatherians and multituberculates, had a greater ecomorphological diversity than is generally appreciated, occupying regions of the morphospace that are interpreted as strict carnivory, plant-dominated omnivory, and herbivory; (2) the decline in dental-shape disparity and body-size disparity across the K/Pg boundary shows a pattern of constructive extinction selectivity against larger-bodied dietary specialists, particularly strict carnivores and taxa with plant-based diets, that suggests the kill mechanism was related to depressed primary productivity rather than a globally instantaneous event; (3) the ecomorphological recovery in the earliest Paleocene was fueled by immigrants, namely three multituberculate families (taeniolabidids, microcosmodontids, eucosmodontids) and to a lesser extent archaic ungulates; and (4) despite immediate increases in the taxonomic richness of eutherians, their much-celebrated post-K/Pg ecomorphological expansion had a slower start than is generally perceived and most likely only began 400,000 to 1 million years after the extinction event.
Data from: Immigrant reproductive dysfunction facilitates ecological speciation
The distributions of species are not only determined by where they can survive – they must also be able to reproduce. Although immigrant inviability is a well-established concept, the fact that immigrants also need to be able to effectively reproduce in foreign environments has not been fully appreciated in the study of adaptive divergence and speciation. Fertilization and reproduction are sensitive life history stages that could be detrimentally affected for immigrants in non-native habitats. We propose that 'immigrant reproductive dysfunction' is a hitherto overlooked aspect of reproductive isolation caused by natural selection on immigrants. This idea is supported by results from experiments on an externally fertilizing fish (sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus). Growth and condition of adults were not affected by non-native salinity whereas males spawning as immigrants had lower sperm motility and hatching success than residents. We interpret these results as evidence for local adaptation or acclimation of sperm, and possibly also components of paternal care. The resulting loss in fitness, which we call 'immigrant reproductive dysfunction', has the potential to reduce gene flow between populations with locally adapted reproduction, and it may play a role in species distributions and speciation.
FIGURE 2 in Addenda to the insects found in birds' nests from the Neotropical Region and Neotropical immigrants in the Nearctic Region, with a discussion of the probable transmission mechanism of Ornithocoris toledoi (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
FIGURE 2. Cavity nesting birds in earth. Green color, primary builders; pale yellow color, inquilines; orange color and tick frame, known host of O. pallidus; violet color, host of Cyanolicymex patagonicus. All relationships among birds were extracted from ornithological literature. See explanation in Discussion.
FIGURE 1 in Addenda to the insects found in birds' nests from the Neotropical Region and Neotropical immigrants in the Nearctic Region, with a discussion of the probable transmission mechanism of Ornithocoris toledoi (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
FIGURE 1. Probable transmission mechanism of Ornithocoris toledoi (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): left frame, birds that nidificate inside stick nests of Furnariidae and mud nests of Furnarius rufus; right frame, birds that nidificate inside cavities; middle frame, birds that nidificate in both kind of nests. Green color, primary builders; pale yellow color, inquilines; orange color and tick frame, known hosts of O. toledoi. All relationships among birds were extracted from ornithological literature. Species signaled with an asterisk are exotic. See explanation in Discussion.
Immigration status, ethnicity, and outcomes following ischemic stroke
<p>Objective: To assess the association between immigration status and ethnicity and the outcomes of mortality and vascular event recurrence following ischemic stroke in Ontario, Canada.</p> <p>Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked administrative and clinical registry-based data from 2002 to 2018 and compared hazards of all-cause mortality and vascular event recurrence in immigrants and long-term residents using inverse probability of treatment weighting accounting for age, sex, income and comorbidities. We stratified analyses by age (≤ 75 and > 75 years) and used interaction terms to evaluate if the association between immigration status and outcomes varied with age or ethnicity.</p> <p>Results: We followed 31,918 adult patients, of whom 2740 (8.6%) were immigrants, for a median follow-up of 5 years. Immigrants had a lower mortality than long-term residents (46.1% vs. 64.5%) which was attenuated after adjustment (hazard ratio 0.94; 95% confidence interval 0.88-1.00), but persisted in those aged under 75 years (HR 0.82; 0.74-0.91). Compared to their respective ethnic long-term resident counterparts, the adjusted hazard of death was higher in South Asian immigrants, similar in Chinese immigrants, and lower in other immigrants (P value for interaction = 0.003). The adjusted hazard of vascular event recurrence (HR 1.01; 0.92-1.11) was similar in immigrants and long-term residents, and this observation persisted across all age and ethnic groups.</p> <p>Conclusions: Long-term mortality following ischemic stroke is lower in immigrants and long-term residents, but is similar after adjustment of baseline characteristics, and it is modified by age at the time of stroke and by ethnicity.</p>
Figure 4 in The first catenicellid (Bryozoa, Ascophora) from Mediterranean shallow waters: a hidden resident or a new immigrant?
Figure 4. Catenicella paradoxa sp. nov. Paratypes (PMC B 17b 5 July 2006). Features of bizooidal fertile segments. (A, B) Frontal and lateral views of a disarticulated fertile segment. Note the swelling in the frontodorsal direction, the sinuous outline of the ovicell in lateral view, the extension of its frontal fenestra and the pit sculpture, the lateral displacement of proximolateral pore chambers and their curving shape to follow the ovicell contour. Scale bars 200 µm. (C) Oblique view of the ovicell, showing its flat frontal surface. Scale bar 200 µm. (D) A single ovicell pit with well-defined outlines, seemingly resulting from the dissolution of an extremely thin layer of surface mineralization. Scale bar 5 µm.
Figure 5 in The first catenicellid (Bryozoa, Ascophora) from Mediterranean shallow waters: a hidden resident or a new immigrant?
Figure 5. Catenicella paradoxa sp. nov. The "articulated basal complex". (A) Basal portion of the paratype specimen (PMC B 17b 5 July 2006) in Figure 2(A) showing a proximally located bifurcating bizooidal segment. Scale bar 200 µm. (B) Close-up of the "articulated basal complex" showing the relationships with the thick underlying wrinkled chitinous tube. Scale bar 200 µm. (C) A further paratype (PMC B 17b 5 July 2006) with a proximally located unizooidal segment apparently directly emerging from the Flabellia petiolata thallus surface, but note the possible presence of a diagonal basal tube under the detrital and organic cover. Scale bar 200 µm. (D, E) Dorsal and frontal side of the basal portion of the holotype specimen (PMC B 17a 5 July 2006) in Figure 2(B). Note the proximally placed fertile bizooidal segment and short rhizooids emanating from the dorsal proximal surface of the first zooid and attaching to the Jania rubens with their branching ends. Scale bars 200 µm. (F) Close-up of (E) showing the "articulated basal complex", partly concealed by detrital matter. Scale bar 100 µm. (G) Close-up of (D) showing the "articulated basal complex" not adhering to the substratum. Scale bar 100 µm.
Figure 1 in The first catenicellid (Bryozoa, Ascophora) from Mediterranean shallow waters: a hidden resident or a new immigrant?
Figure 1. Distribution of living and fossil Catenicella species in the European, Mediterranean and neighbouring areas. Catenicella paradoxa sp. nov. from Recent, asterisk; C. contei from Recent, composite rhombus; C. elegans from Eocene, thinly outlined circles; C. elegans from Miocene, intermediately outlined circles; and C. elegans from Pliocene, thickly outlined circles; C. capitiscollis plus C. cipollai and C. zangheri from Pliocene, thickly outlined triangle; Catenicella spp. from Eocene-Oligocene, thinly outlined squares; Catenicella spp. from Miocene, intermediately outlined squares; Catenicella spp. from Plio-Pleistocene, thickly outlined squares.
Health care professionals' experiences of screening immigrant mothers for postpartum depression – a systematic review
<p>This is the dataset and supplementary material to a study looking at the health care professionals’ experiences of postpartum depression in immigrant mothers. Postpartum depression is considered a major public health problem, which immigrant mothers are at particular risk of being affected by, but it can also have long-lasting traumatic effects on the partner’s health and the child’s health and development. Previous studies have suggested that identifying signs of postpartum depression and performing screening on immigrant mothers is challenging for HCPs, and a meta-synthesis was therefore undertaken to describe their experiences. </p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>The databases CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, Embase, and Cochrane were searched for papers published January 2000–December 2020, reporting qualitative data on immigrants, postpartum depression, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Eight papers representing eight studies from four countries were included and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program was used to assess their quality. The synthesis of studies was guided by Noblit & Hare’s seven-step method based on meta-ethnography. The dataset is the information from the quality appraisal and grid of concepts from the analysis. </p> <p><strong>Findings</strong></p> <p>The synthesis resulted in two final themes: “I do my best, but I doubt that it’s enough” and “I can find no way forward”. The themes convey the fear and frustration that health care professionals experienced; fear of missing mothers with signs of postpartum depression, related to feeling uncomfortable in the cross-cultural setting and frustration in handling difficulties associated with communication, translated versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and cultural implications of postpartum depression. </p> <p><strong>Conclusions and clinical implication</strong></p> <p>By supporting HCPs’ self-efficacy in handling cultural implications of postpartum depression and by developing evidence-based clinical guidelines for the use of interpreters and translated versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale the screening of immigrant mothers may be facilitated.</p>
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