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Fig. 5 in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 5. Four crowns of T. lynciscapreoli, A – C larvae, D – adult; A – AM1 (32 hooks), B – APS3 (38 hooks), C – APS2 (34 hooks), D – R17 (36 hooks).

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Fig. 4 in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 4. The crown of T. lynciscapreoli; examples of empty spaces, from where hooks have been lost are indicated (arrows).

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Fig. 3. A in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland

Fig. 3. A – lung of roe deer with cyst of tapeworm T. lynciscapreoli; B – Cysticercoid of T. lynciscapreoli.

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Fig. 3 in First report of the nematode Cruzia tentaculata using molluscs as natural intermediate hosts, based on morphology and genetic markers

Fig. 3. Scanning Electron Microscope images of a Cruzia tentaculata larvae recovered from Achatina fulica: A) Anterior extremity and detail of the apical view showing the oral opening; B) Cephalic extremity with labial papillae and phasmids (arrows), apical view; C) Lateral view showing the lateral line (arrow); D) posterior region, lateral view showing the lateral line (arrow); E) posterior region, ventral view, and (e) detail of the anus.

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Fig. 2 in First report of the nematode Cruzia tentaculata using molluscs as natural intermediate hosts, based on morphology and genetic markers

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of the Cruzia tentaculata larvae recovered from A. fulica; A) Anterior extremity, showing the excretory pore (ep), bulb, and pre-bulbar dilatation; (a) details of the excretory pore in lateral view; B) Cephalic extremity showing the labial papillae and the teeth (t), apical view; b) Trilabial mouth, apical view; C) Pre-bulbar dilatation (pb) and well developed bulb; D) Lateral lines (arrows), transversal section; E) Posterior extremity, lateral view; (e) detail of the extremity of the tail; F) anus (a), with prominent opening lateral view and a pair of anal glands (arrow).

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Fig. 1 in First report of the nematode Cruzia tentaculata using molluscs as natural intermediate hosts, based on morphology and genetic markers

Fig. 1. Line drawings of Cruzia tentaculata recovered from the molluscs in the present study, based on light microscopy. A) side view of the anterior region of a nematode recovered from Achatina fulica; B) side view of the posterior region of a nematode from A. fulica; C) Lateral view of a whole specimen recovered from Latipes erinaceus. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Fig. 12 in Significance of intermediate forms in phyletic reconstruction of ammonites: Early Jurassic Phricodoceras case study

Fig. 12. Historical synthesis of the taxonomic interpretation for the genus Phricodoceras from 1826 until today. Six options are considered: H?, no taxonomic attribution or attribution deliberately left undetermined; Eo, explicit attribution to Eoderoceratoidea or implicit proximity with some ammonites currently attributed to the Eoderoceratidae; Ko, explicit attribution to the Kosmoceratidae; Ly, explicit attribution to the Lytoceratoidea (in the current sense); Ps, explicit attribution to the Psiloceratoidea and proximity with the Schlotheimiidae; La, enigmatic lazarus taxon. A cross indicates an absence of attribution to a taxon. A single black dot suggests an implicit or explicit but very reserved attribution. Two black dots suggest an explicit but debatable attribution. Three black dots suggest an unconditional explicit attribution. Four black dots suggest an explicit attribution based on ontogenetic evidence. For easy reading, the two columns corresponding to the two most frequent taxonomic interpretations (i.e., Eo and Ps) are shaded.

Fig. 11 in Significance of intermediate forms in phyletic reconstruction of ammonites: Early Jurassic Phricodoceras case study

Fig. 11. Habitus of some nodded, spined and/or tuberculate Lytoceratoidea (A) and Eoderoderatoidea (B–D). A. Analytoceras hermanni (Gümbel, 1861), Kammerkaralpe, Waidring, Tyrol, Austria, probably Late Hettangian (from Wähner 1894: pl. 3: 3a, b, modified), in ventral (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Epideroceras lorioli (Hug, 1899), St Peter's Field, Radstock, Somerset, UK, Echioceras raricostatum Chronozone, Paltechioceras aplanatum Subchronozone (from Edmunds et al. 2003: fig. 21. 4, modified), in lateral (B1) and apertural (B2) views. C. Tetraspidoceras repentinum Edmunds, 2009, St Peter's Field, Radstock, Somerset, UK, Uptonia jamesoni Chronozone, Phricodoceras taylori Subchronozone (from Edmunds 2009: pl. 32: 1, modified), in lateral (C1) and ventral (C2) views. D. Becheiceras bechei (Sowerby, 1821), Golden Cap, Seatown, Dorset, UK, Prodactylioceras davoei Chronozone, Oistoceras figulinum Subchronozone (from Edmunds 2009: pl. 38: 1, modified), in lateral (D1) and apertural (D2) views. Tubercles and/or spines in (t1) and/or (t2) positions of the Eoderoceratoidea (B–D) are not homologous with those of Phricodoceras, nevertheless this genus was long understood as a (borderline) member of this superfamily. In the case of Lytoceratoidea (A) the ornamental features in peri−siphonal position (pn3) are parabolic nodes which are morphologically clearly distinct from the tubercles or spines of both Eoderoceratoidea and Phricodoceras. The growth stage of the specimen is unknown.

Fig. 10 in Significance of intermediate forms in phyletic reconstruction of ammonites: Early Jurassic Phricodoceras case study

Fig. 10. Schematic representation and comparison of the ontogenies of an Angulaticeras macroconch (A. boucaultianum) and of a Phricodoceras macroconch (P. lamellosum) in a simplified diagram taking into account the assumed mobility (x−axis) and the assumed passive shell protection (y−axis). These parameters cannot be fully expressed quantitatively. Mobility depends mainly on hydrodynamic abilities, which are correlated with shell geometry but also with some aspects of ornamentation. Marked ornamental traits may play an important role. For example a keel or a ventral groove may increase the hydrodynamic stability of the shell and thereby facilitate mobility, but prominent tubercles and/or spines may significantly increase hydrodynamic drag thereby reducing mobility. Conversely the prominence of ornamentation (chiefly of tubercles and/or spines) may be an effective passive protection against predators. Although highly schematic and hypothetical, such a diagram can be understood as an approximate representation of an "adaptative landscape" in which successive growth stages can be roughly situated. This "adaptative landscape" can be divided into four quadrants labeled A–D. The two studied species occupy only quadrants A (rather poor mobility but good passive shell protection) and C (good mobility but poor passive shell protection). In fact, only the juvenile growth stages of Phricodoceras lamellosum are situated in quadrant A but all the other growth stages, of both species, are in quadrant C. This pattern underlines the adaptative peculiarity of the juvenile growth stages of Phricodoceras.

Fig. 8 in Significance of intermediate forms in phyletic reconstruction of ammonites: Early Jurassic Phricodoceras case study

Fig. 8. Septal suture lines of several Lytoceratoidea (A–D) and Eoderoceratoidea (E–H) for comparisons with those of the scholtheimiid ammonoids Angulaticeras and Phricodoceras (Fig. 7). A. Zaghouanites arcanum (Wiedenmayer, 1977) (from Rakús and Guex 2002: fig. 54e, modified). B. Eolytoceras tasekoi Frebold, 1967 (from Wiedmann 1970: text−fig. 9c, modified). C. Pleuroacanthites biformis (Sowerby in De La Beche, 1831) (from Canavari 1888: text–fig. 2.3, modified). D. Analytoceras gr. articulatum (Sowerby in De La Beche, 1831) (from Wiedmann 1970: text–fig. 8a, modified). E. Epideroceras planarmatum (Quenstedt, 1856) (from Schlatter 1980: beil. 15a, modified). F. Xipheroceras rasinodum (Quenstedt, 1884) (from Schlegelmilch 1976: 57, modified). G. Xipheroceras ziphus (Zieten, 1830) (from Schlegelmilch 1976: 56, modified). H. Eoderoceras bisbinigerum (Buckman, 1918) (from Schlegelmilch 1992: 62, modified). For each suture line the whorl height (wh) is indicated, if known. The main elements of the suture line are indicated by following abbreviations: E, external lobe; L, lateral lobe; U1, U2, umbilical lobes; I, internal lobe.

Fig. 7 in Significance of intermediate forms in phyletic reconstruction of ammonites: Early Jurassic Phricodoceras case study

Fig. 7. Septal suture lines of several Schlotheimiidae belonging to the genera Phricodoceras (A–E) and Angulaticeras (F–J). A. Phricodoceras urkuticum (Géczy, 1959) (from Géczy 1976: fig. 49, modified). B. Phricodoceras taylori (Sowerby, 1826) (from Dommergues 2003: fig. 6A, modified). C. Phricodoceras taylori (from Dommergues 2003: fig. 6B, modified). D. Phricodoceras taylori (from Schlegelmilch 1976: 61, modified). E. Phricodoceras gr. taylori (Sowerby, 1826) (from Schlatter 1990: fig. 3, modified). F. Angulaticeras martinischmidti (Lange, 1951) (from Schlegelmilch 1976: 38, modified). G. Angulaticeras charmassei (Orbigny, 1844) (from Schlegelmilch 1976: 38, modified). H. Angulaticeras densilobatum (Pompeckj, 1893) (from Schlegelmilch 1976: 39, modified). I. Angulaticeras lacunatum (J. Buckman, 1844) (from Schlegelmilch 1976, 38, modified). J. Angulaticeras rumpens (Oppel, 1862) (from Schlegelmilch 1976: 39, modified). For each suture line the whorl height (wh) is indicated, if known. The main elements of the suture line are indicated by following abbreviations: E, external lobe; L, lateral lobe; U1, U2, umbilical lobes; I, internal lobe.

Fig. 4 in Significance of intermediate forms in phyletic reconstruction of ammonites: Early Jurassic Phricodoceras case study

Fig. 4. Position and terminology of the tubercles, spines and/or bullae on Phricodoceras shells (juvenile and/or microconch. A, B. Normal view. C, D. Shaded view with indication of the main ornamental structure outlines (white lines). Abbreviations: t1, latero−umbilical position; t2, latero−ventral position; t3, peri−siphonal position; us, umbilical seam; vb, ventral band.

Fig. 3 in Significance of intermediate forms in phyletic reconstruction of ammonites: Early Jurassic Phricodoceras case study

Fig. 3. Microconch (m) / macroconch (M) dimorphism expressed by scholtheimiid ammonoid Phricodoceras exemplified by the NW Europe forms in the Uptonia jamesoni to Tragophylloceras ibex chronozones. A. Phricodoceras lamellosum (Orbigny, 1844) (M), UBGD 277451, Mazenay, Saône et Loire, France, probably early Uptonia jamesoni Chronozone, in apertural (A1), lateral (A2), and ventral (A3) views. B. Phricodoceras lamellosum (M), Kircheim unter Teck, Baden−Würtemberg, Germany, Early Pliensbachian (from Schlegelmilch 1976: pl. 27: 4, modified; original from Quenstedt 1884: pl. 28: 24), in apertural (B1), lateral (B2), and ventral (B3) views. C. Phricodoceras taylori (Sowerby, 1826) (m), Corbigny, Nièvre, France, Uptonia jamesoni Chronozone, Phricodoceras taylori Subchronozone (from Dommergues 2003: pl. 1: 4), in lateral view. D. Phricodoceras aff. cornutum (Simpson, 1843) (m), Fresnayle−Puceux, Calvados, France, Early Pliensbachian (from Dommergues et al. 2008: pl. 3: 6, modified), in ventral (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Phricodoceras taylori (m), Fresnay−le−Puceux, Calvados, France, Early Pliensbachian (from Dommergues et al. 2008: pl. 3: 5, modified), in ventral (E1) and lateral (E2) views. The two specimens corresponding to A, B are incomplete phragmocones (juvenile or immature shells) but the three corresponding to C–E are adult microconchs with the major part of the body chamber. The end of the phragmocone is starred. Notice the progressive ontogenetic transformation from tubercle (t3) to faint shoulder (s3) in specimen B. Abbreviations: t2, tubercle in latero−ventral position; t3, tubercle in peri−siphonal position; s3, shoulder peri−siphonal position.

Fig. 4 in New hosts for a snake's helminth: First report of intermediate and definitive hosts naturally infected by Ophidascaris arndti (Ascarididae) in the wild

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Ophidascaris arndti larva from Akodon montensis. (A) Body; (B) Anterior end; (C) Apical view, amphids (am) and double papillae (dp); (D) Posterior end lateral view, anus (A).

Fig. 3 in New hosts for a snake's helminth: First report of intermediate and definitive hosts naturally infected by Ophidascaris arndti (Ascarididae) in the wild

Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Ophidascaris arndti from Bothrops freitasi: (A) Male ventral view of the posterior end papillae (arrow); (B) Male cloaca (c) and papillae (arrow); (C) Male ventral view of tail, cloaca (c), papillae (arrow), and phasmid (ph, arrowhead); (D) Female ventro-lateral view of tail.

Fig. 2 in New hosts for a snake's helminth: First report of intermediate and definitive hosts naturally infected by Ophidascaris arndti (Ascarididae) in the wild

Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Ophidascaris arndti from Bothrops freitasi adult female. (A) Anterior end lateral view showing the excretory pore (arrow); (B) Dorsal view of lips, dorsal lip (D), double papillae (dp), lateroventral lips (LV), amphids (am), pointed depression (arrowhead); (C) Detail of denticles; (D) Detailed amphids.

Fig. 1 in New hosts for a snake's helminth: First report of intermediate and definitive hosts naturally infected by Ophidascaris arndti (Ascarididae) in the wild

Fig. 1. Light microscopy drawing of adult Ophidascaris arndti from Bothrops freitasi. (A) Female anterior end lateral view; (B) Female lips apical view; (C) Male posterior end lateral view, spicule, and ejaculatory duct; (D) Female posterior end ventral view; (E) Spicules; (F) Lateral view of the vulva, vagina, and uterine branches.

Fig. 5 in New hosts for a snake's helminth: First report of intermediate and definitive hosts naturally infected by Ophidascaris arndti (Ascarididae) in the wild

Fig. 5. Photomicrography of Ophidascaris arndti larva from Akodon montensis. (A) Anterior end lateral view; (B) Posterior end lateral view.

Fig. 6 in New hosts for a snake's helminth: First report of intermediate and definitive hosts naturally infected by Ophidascaris arndti (Ascarididae) in the wild

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships Bayesian tree based on partial MT-CO1 gene sequences of ascaridoid specimens, including Ophidascaris and outgroup. The numbers at the nodes are BPPs (left) and aLRT (right). The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site.

Fig. 6 in Role of landscape context in Toxoplasma gondii infection of invasive definitive and intermediate hosts on a World Heritage Island

Fig. 6. Relative density of black rats in different land-use types, as expressed by the capture rate by traps, i.e., number of individuals captured per 100 trapdays. Numerals above the bars indicate total trap-days.