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FIGURES 32–37 in A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURES 32–37. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 32. Antenna of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 33. Postgenal cleft, bridge and hypostoma, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 34. Hypostoma of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 35. Mandible of last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 36. Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 37. Abdominal setae, anal sclerite, accessory sclerites and posterior proleg hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 27–31 in A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURES 27–31. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 27. Female pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 28. Male pupal cephalic exuviae. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 29. Left lateral habitus view of last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 30. Dorsal view of last instar larval head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 31. Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 21–25 in A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURES 21–25. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 21. Female pupa, right lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Fig. 22. Cocoon, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Fig. 23. Lateral view, right pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 24. Right thoracic pupal cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Fig. 25. Surface structure of pupal gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 14–20 in A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURES 14–20. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 14. Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 15. Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 16. Ventral view of hypogynial valves (h v). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 17. Lateral view of anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 18. Male genitalia, ventral view (gc—gonocoxa; gs—gonostylus; v p—ventral plate; m s—median sclerite; p—paramere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 19. Gonocoxa (gc), gonostylus (gs) and paramere (p), lateral view. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 20. Ventral view of ventral plate (v p) and median sclerite (m s). Scale bar = 0.02 mm.

FIGURES 2–7 in A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURES 2–7. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head of female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 3. Frontal view of head of male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Fig. 4. Mandible of female adult. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Fig. 5. Cibarium of female adult. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 6. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 7. Maxillary palpus and lacinia of male. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 8–13 in A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURES 8–13. Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi. Fig. 8. Wing base of female. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Arrow indicates pigmented area. Fig. 9. Metathoracic furcasternum of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 10. Distal hind basitarsus of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 11. Tarsal claw of female. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 12. Pleural membrane of male showing sparse, fine hairs and sockets. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 13. Tergites I (abdominal scale) to VII of female abdomen. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A detailed description of Simulium (Meilloniellum) adersi (Pomeroy) from Mayotte, Comoro islands, with comments on bionomics and biogeography (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURE 1. Geographic locality of Mayotte (French Protectorate) and the Union of the Comoros. Inset of Mayotte shows general position (dots) of localities for material examined in this study.

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURE 10 in Inocellia rara sp. nov. (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae), a new snakefly species from Taiwan, with remarks on systematics and biogeography of the Inocelliidae of the island

FIGURE 10. Distribution map of the species of Inocelliidae from Taiwan, shading indicates elevation.

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 2–9 in Inocellia rara sp. nov. (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae), a new snakefly species from Taiwan, with remarks on systematics and biogeography of the Inocelliidae of the island

FIGURES 2–9. Inocellia rara sp. nov., holotype male. 2—genital segments, lateral view; 3—genital segments, dorsal view; 4—genital segments, ventral view; 5—genital segments, caudal view; 6—ninth gonocoxite with internal structures, lateral view; 7—gonarcus, dorsal view; 8—fused parameres, dorsal view; 9—hypandrium internum, ventral view. Abbreviations: e— ectoproct; ep—endophallus; g—gonarcus (= fused gonocoxites 11); gx9—gonocoxite 9; h—hypandrium internum; p—fused parameres (complex of fused gonocoxites, gonapophyses, and gonostyli 10); ps—pseudostyli (= gonapophyses 9); s— gonostylus 9; S—sternum; ser—serratulum; T—tergum.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 2. BAYAREALIKE model from the BioGeoBEARS analysis showing the ancestral range probability of each lineage at each node. Numbers at the nodes represent an estimate of the mean divergence time rounded to one significant digit. Map delineates the presence or absence geography file for each species.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 6. Dorsal and ventral views of the type series of Cyrtodactylus thalang sp. nov. (ZMMU Re-17836–17839, females). a. Dorsal view of the specimen. b. Lateral view of head. c. Dorsal view of head. d. Ventral view of hind limbs, cloacal, and precloacal region. e. Ventral view of head. f. Ventral view of tail. g. Ventral view of tail. Photographs by N. A. Poyarkov.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 8. Dipterocarp forest and microhabitat of the type locality of Cyrtodactylus thalang sp. nov. near the Kathu waterfall, border of Thalang and Kathu districts, Phuket Province, Thailand. Photo by N. Poyarkov.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 1. Distribution of the species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group. Stars represent type localities. White circles denote unsampled localities known from photos on social media.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 5. Adult female holotype of Cyrtodactylus thalang sp. nov. a. Dorsal view of the specimen. b. Lateral view of head. c. Dorsal view of head. d. Ventral view of hind limbs, cloacal, and precloacal region. e. Ventral view of head. f. Ventral view of tail. g. Ventral view of tail. Photos by N. Poyarkov.

FIGURE 4. a in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 4. a. MFA of all species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group minus C. elok. b. Percent contribution of numeric characters to the first five dimensions accounting for 59.9% of the total variation in the data set. c. Percent contribution of each character type to the first five dimension of the data set. d. Comparative photographs of the species of the brevipalmatus lineage. Cyrtodactylus thalang sp. nov. from Phuket Island, Phuket Province, Thailand, photo by N. Poyarkov: C. cf. brevipalmatus, from Langkawi Island, Kedah State, Malaysia, photo by E.S.H. Quah; and C. brevipalmatus, from Khao Luang, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand, photo from Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/4.0/deed.en.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 3. Opposing Maximum Likelihood and BEAST phylogenies showing areas of congruence and incongruence between the two analyses.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Phuket Island, Thailand with a discussion of the group's potential biogeography

FIGURE 7. Distribution of the species of the Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus lineage highlighting the fragmented upland terrane of southernmost peninsular Thailand. Stars denoted type localities.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

dryad32/100

The island biogeography of the eBird citizen-science program

Aim: Island biotas face an array of unique challenges under global change. Monitoring and research efforts, however, have been hindered by the large number of islands, their broad distribution and geographic isolation. Global citizen-science initiatives have the potential to address these deficiencies. Here, we determine how the eBird citizen-science program is currently sampling island bird assemblages annually and how these patterns are developing over time. Location: Global. Taxa: Birds. Methods: We compiled occurrence information of non-marine bird species across the world's islands (n = 21,813) over an 18-year period (2002-2019) from eBird. We estimated annual survey completeness and species richness across islands, which we examined in relation to six geographical and four climatic features. Results: eBird contained bird occurrence information for ca. 20% of the world's islands (n = 4,205) with ca. 8% classified as well surveyed annually (n =1,644). eBird participants tended to survey larger islands that were more distant from the mainland. These islands had lower proximity to other islands and contained a broader range of elevations. Temperature, precipitation, and temperature seasonality were at intermediate levels. Precipitation seasonality was at low and intermediate levels. Islands located between 10-60° N latitude and 30-40° S latitude were overrepresented, and islands located between 60-130° W longitude were underrepresented. From 2002 to 2019, the number of islands surveyed annually increased by ca. 96.3 islands/year. During this period, island size decreased, distance from mainland did not change, proximity to other islands increased, and elevation range decreased. Main conclusions: The eBird program tends to survey larger islands containing intermediate climates that are more isolated from the mainland and other islands. These findings provide a framework to support the rigorous application of eBird data in avian island biogeography. Our findings also emphasize citizen science as a resource to support ecological research, conservation, and monitoring efforts across remote regions of the globe.

dryad32/100

Island biogeography at the meso-scale: distance from forest edge affects choice of patch size by ovipositing treefrogs

<p>Diversity in habitat patches is partly driven by variation in patch size, which affects extinction, and isolation, which affects immigration. Patch size also affects immigration as a component of patch quality. In wetland ecosystems, where variation in patch size and inter-patch distance is ubiquitous, relationships between size and isolation may involve trade-offs. We assayed treefrog oviposition at three patch sizes in arrays of two types, one where size increased with distance from forest (dispersed), and one with all patches equidistant from forest (equidistant), testing directly for an interaction between patch size and distance, which was highly significant. Medium patches in dispersed arrays received more eggs than those in equidistant arrays as use of typically preferred larger patches was reduced in dispersed arrays. Our results demonstrate a habitat selection trade-off between preferred large and less-preferred medium patches across small-scale variation in isolation. Such patch size/isolation relationships are critical to community assembly and to understanding how diversity is maintained within a metapopulation and metacommunity framework, especially as wetland habitat becomes increasingly rare and fragmented. These results bring lessons of Island Biogeography, writ large, to bear on questions at small scales where ecologists often work, and where habitat restoration is most often focused.</p>

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →