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FIG. 11 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 11. Bivariate plot of the first two principal components from an analysis of 12 cranial measurements from the Elongata Subgroup. Loadings and variance explained are given in table 4.

FIG. 6 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 6. Distribution of Jukes-Cantor distances from a character matrix with 812 samples, 312 nucleotides of cytochrome b, and no missing data. Character sampling, and to a lesser extent taxon sampling, was reduced to eliminate missing data.

FIG. 9 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 9. Box plots showing variation in external measurements from all species of Sulawesi shrew. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. Species are grouped according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick- Tailed Group). All measurements in mm. HBL = head-and-body length.

FIG. 5 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 5. Maximum likelihood estimate of the mitochondrial gene tree derived from an analysis of 14,007 characters (representing protein-coding and rRNA genes) from 83 samples. Bootstrap support values <95 are shown at nodes. Tips are labeled with the species, locality, and voucher number.

FIG. 2 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 2. Drawings of the skull of a Crocidura from a dorsal (upper), occlusal (middle), and lateral (lower) view showing the 12 cranial dimensions we analyzed.

FIG. 3 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 3. Plot of the elevational distribution of samples from each of the 12 mountains that comprise the bulk of specimens we examined. Each point represents the median elevation of a specimen we examined. The sample distribution from Mt. Gandang Dewata includes specimens from Salu Tiwo (~200 m). The number of specimens used from each mountain is given above the x-axis and the peak elevation of each mountain is shown on the x-axis.

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Habitat-linked genetic variation supports microgeographic adaptive divergence in an island-endemic bird species

We present evidence for and investigate potential mechanisms driving habitat-linked genetic divergence within a bird species endemic to a single 250 km2 island. The island scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis) exhibits microgeographic divergence in bill morphology across pine-oak ecotones on Santa Cruz Island, California (USA) similar to adaptive differences described in mainland congeners over much larger geographic scales. To test whether individuals exhibit genetic differentiation related to habitat type and divergence in bill length, we genotyped over 3,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 123 adult island scrub-jay males from across Santa Cruz Island using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Neutral landscape genomic analyses revealed that genome-wide genetic differentiation was primarily related to geographic distance and differences in habitat composition. We also found 168 putatively adaptive loci associated with habitat type using multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) while controlling for spatial effects. Finally, two genome-wide association analyses revealed a polygenic basis to variation in bill length with multiple loci detected in or near genes known to affect bill morphology in other birds. Our findings support the hypothesis that divergent selection at microgeographic scales can cause adaptive divergence in the presence of ongoing gene flow.

Fig. 5 in Review of the genus Superciliaris Meng, Qin & Wang, 2020 (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae): from island endemic to wide Oriental distribution

Fig. 5. Superciliaris anichkini sp. nov., ♂, holotype (ZIN), genitalia. A. Pygofer and anal tube, lateral view (basal part of penis showed by dotted line). B. Penis (aedeagus shaded) and connective, lateral view. C. Apical part of phallobase inflated in water. D. Penis, ventral view. E. Style, lateral view. F. Style, dorsal view. G. Anal tube, dorsal view. No to scale.

Fig. 6 in Review of the genus Superciliaris Meng, Qin & Wang, 2020 (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae): from island endemic to wide Oriental distribution

Fig. 6. Superciliaris celebensis sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BMNH), genitalia. A. Pygofer, anal tube, and basal part of penis, lateral view. B. Penis and connective, lateral view. C. Penis and connective, ventral view. D. Style, lateral view. E. Style, dorsal view. F. Anal tube, dorsal view. No to scale.

Fig. 3 in Review of the genus Superciliaris Meng, Qin & Wang, 2020 (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae): from island endemic to wide Oriental distribution

Fig. 3. Superciliaris tawaiensis sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BMNH), external view. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Review of the genus Superciliaris Meng, Qin & Wang, 2020 (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae): from island endemic to wide Oriental distribution

Fig. 1. Superciliaris anichkini sp. nov., ♂, holotype (ZIN), external view. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Review of the genus Superciliaris Meng, Qin & Wang, 2020 (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae): from island endemic to wide Oriental distribution

Fig. 4. Superciliaris spp., external view (weak carinae and margins are indicated by dotted lines). A–C. S. anichkini sp. nov., ♂, holotype (ZIN). A. Half of face and left paranotal lobe, frontal view. B. Face, frontal view. C. Tegula and basal part of forewing, lateral view. D–E. S. celebensis sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BMNH). D. Face, frontal view. E. Tegula and basal part of forewing, lateral view. F–G. S. tawaiensis sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BMNH). F. Face, frontal view. G. Tegula and basal part of forewing, lateral view. Abbreviation: sc = sublateral carinae of metope. No to scale.

Fig. 7 in Review of the genus Superciliaris Meng, Qin & Wang, 2020 (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae): from island endemic to wide Oriental distribution

Fig. 7. Superciliaris tawaiensis sp. nov., ♂, holotype (BMNH), genitalia. A. Penis, lateral view. B. Penis, ventral view. C. Anal tube, dorsal view. D. Anal tube, lateral view. E. Style, lateral view. F. Style, dorsal view. No to scale.

Figs 80–81 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 80–81. Geographic distribution of the four taxa treated in this study. Note that the shallow water area (light grey) between Sicily and the Maltese Islands roughly corresponded to a land bridge during glaciations.

Figs 64–74 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 64–74. Specimens of Temnothorax vivianoi Schifani, Alicata & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available onwww.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 64–66. Holotype worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041551). 67–69. Paratype worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041552). 70–72. Paratype queen from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041553). 73–74. Damaged male from Palermo Mountains (Sicily) (ANTWEB1041554). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 75–78 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 75–78. Morphometric differentiation of the four taxa treated in this study based on the worker caste. 75. Principal component analysis of all nine morphometric characters (excluding indices). 76. Scatter plot of eye size index (EYE/CS) against cephalic length index (CL/CW). 77. Scatter plot of absolute spines length (SPST) against cephalic size (CS). 78. Scatter plot of spine length index (SPST/ CL) against scape length index (SL/CS).

Fig. 79. Maximum likelihood phylogeny inferred with IQTREE ver. 2.1.2 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Fig. 79. Maximum likelihood phylogeny inferred with IQTREE ver. 2.1.2. The major clades found in Prebus (2017) are highlighted, and the focal species of the current study (all within the 'Palearctic clade IV') are evidenced as in Figs 75–78. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support for all nodes are 100, except where indicated.

Figs 46–63 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 46–63. Specimens of Temnothorax poldii Alicata, Schifani & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available on www.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 46–48. Holotype worker from Monte Arso (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041545). 49–51. Worker from Vallone Madonne degli Angeli (Madonie, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041546). 52– 54. Paratype worker from Monte Ruvolo (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041547). 55–57. Worker from Monte Manfrè (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041548), with ergatogynes characters in the mesosoma. 58– 60. Paratype queen from Monte Arso (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041549). 61–63. Paratype male from Monte Ruvolo (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041550). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 34–45 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 34–45. Specimens of Temnothorax marae Alicata, Schifani & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available on www.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 34–36. Holotype worker from Vendicari (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041541). 37–39. Paratype worker from Vendicari (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041542). 40–42. Queen from Bosco di Santo Pietro (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041543), note that the lateral image was edited to compensate for the fact that the petiole and gaster plus postpetiole were accidentally disarticulated. 43–45. Male from Bosco di Santo Pietro (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041544). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 19–33 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 19–33. Specimens of Temnothorax lagrecai (Baroni Urbani, 1964) in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos available on www.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 19– 21. Worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041536), photo by Enrico Schifani. 22–24. Paratype worker from Bosco di Santo Pietro (Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041537), photo by Elia Nalini. 25–27. Worker from Bosco di Linera (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041538), photo by Enrico Schifani. 28–30. Queen from Bosco di Santo Pietro (type locality, Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041539), photo by Enrico Schifani. 31–33. Male from Bosco di Santo Pietro (type locality, Hyblaean Sicily) (ANTWEB1041540), photo by Enrico Schifani. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.