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184 results for “ladybirds”
Data from: Rapid increase in dispersal during range expansion in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis
The evolutionary trajectories associated with demographic, genetic and spatial disequilibrium have become an issue of growing interest in population biology. Invasive species provide unique opportunities to explore the impact of recent range expansion on life-history traits, making it possible to test for a spatial arrangement of dispersal abilities along the expanding range, in particular. We carried out controlled experiments in laboratory conditions to test the hypothesis of an increase in dispersal capacity with range expansion in Harmonia axyridis, a ladybird that has been invading Europe since 2001. We found a marked increase in the flight speed of the insects from the core to the front of the invasion range in two independent sampling transects. By contrast, we found that two other traits associated with dispersal (endurance and motivation to fly off) did not follow the same spatial gradient. Our results provide a striking illustration of the way in which predictable directional genetic changes may occur rapidly for some traits associated with dispersal during biological invasions. We discuss the consequences of our results for invasion dynamics and the evolutionary outcomes of spatially expanding populations.
Data from: Modeling spatial expansion of invasive alien species: relative contributions of environmental and anthropogenic factors to the spreading of the harlequin ladybird in France
Species distribution models (SDM) have often been used to predict the potential ranges of introduced species and prioritize management strategies. However, this approach assumes equilibrium between occurrences and environmental gradients, an assumption which is violated during the invasion process, where many suitable sites are empty because the species has not yet reached them. Here we considered the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a case study to show the benefits of using a dynamic colonization–extinction model that does not assume equilibrium. We used a multi-year occupancy model incorporating environmental, anthropogenic and neighborhood effects, to identify factors that explained spreading variation of this species in France from 2004, when only a few occupied sites were detected, to 2011. We found that anthropogenic factors (urbanization, agriculture, vineyards, and presence/absence of highways) explained more variation in the diffusion process than environmental factors (winter and summer temperatures, wind-speed, and rainfall). The surface of urbanization was the major anthropogenic factor increasing the probability of colonization. The average summer temperature was the main environmental factor affecting colonization, with a negative effect when high or low. The neighborhood effect revealed that colonization was mostly influenced by contributions coming from a radius of 24 km around the focal cell. The contribution of neighborhood decreases over time, suggesting that H. axyridis is reaching its equilibrium in France. This is confirmed by the small discrepancy observed between the performance of our approach and a SDM approach when predicting a single year occupancy pattern at the end of the study period. Our approach has the advantage of explicitly modelling the state of the biological system during the spatial expansion and identifying colonization constraints. This allows managers to explore the effect of different actions on the system at key moments of the invasion process, hence providing a powerful approach to prioritize management strategies.
FIGURES 9–11 in Redescription of the Hispaniolan ladybird genus Bura Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and justification for its transfer from Coccidulinae to Sticholotidinae
FIGURES 9–11. Phylogenetic relationships among higher categories of Coccinellidae as proposed by different authors, Sticholotidinae (sensu lato) in blue: 9. Dendrogram proposed by Sasaji (1971); 10. Cladogram proposed by Gordon (1977); 11. Dendrogram proposed by Kovar (1996) (dotted line added to show restricted concept of Sticholotidinae sensu Duverger).
FIGURES 12–13 in Redescription of the Hispaniolan ladybird genus Bura Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and justification for its transfer from Coccidulinae to Sticholotidinae
FIGURES 12–13. Comparison of antennal morphology between members of Sticholotidini (Sticholotidinae) and Coccidulini (Coccidulinae), arrow indicates area with concentration of short sensory setae (images have been redrawn to present a consistent orientation). 12. Sticholotidini: a, Sticholotis sp. (after Sasaji 1968); b, Sticholotis sp. (formerly Nesolotis) (after Miyatake 1966); c, Lenasa sp. (after Gordon 1994c); d, Plotina sp. (after Miyatake 1969); e, Semiviride sp. (after Gordon 1991). 13. Coccidulini (after Gordon 1994a): a, Orbipressus sp.; b, Stenadalia sp.; c, Nothocolus sp.; d, Eupaleoides sp.; e, Eupalea sp.
FIGURES 1–8 in Redescription of the Hispaniolan ladybird genus Bura Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and justification for its transfer from Coccidulinae to Sticholotidinae
FIGURES 1–8. Bura cuprea Mulsant, adult specimen: 1. Head capsule, frontal view of left half showing compound eye and eye canthus; 2. Whole beetle, frontal view; 3. Same, left lateral view; 4. Prosternum, ventral surface; 5. Right antenna, lateral view; 6. Right antenna, distal portion, rotated to show patches of short sensory setae on mesal surfaces of last two antennomeres; 7. Left maxillary palp, ventral view; 8. Tarsal claw showing triangular tooth at base.
Omnivory in predatory ladybird beetles is widespread and driven by an appetite for sterols
<p>1. Animals maintain physiological and behavioral systems that allow them to detect and consume specific macro- and micronutrients to maximize their fitness. One common physiological system is the nutrient-state-dependent or demand-driven appetite. These systems are well described for macronutrient regulation, but not for micronutrients.</p> <p>2. Sterols are essential micronutrients that all animals need to survive. They are the backbone of many hormones, important in cell signaling, and an integral component of cell membranes.</p> <p>3. Lady beetles are globally distributed predators of insect herbivores. Adult sevenspotted lady beetles maintain a state-dependent sterol appetite and consume plant tissues to obtain sterols, which improves their fitness. Additionally, sevenspotted lady beetles can detect sterols pre-ingestion.</p> <p>4. We used lady beetle species distributed across the three clades of the Coccinellini to determine 1) whether other beetle species maintain a state-dependent sterol appetite, 2) if sterol structure affects beetles' state-dependent sterol appetite, and 3) whether lady beetles consume foliage in a sterol-state dependent manner. Additionally, we determined 1) what sensory organ beetle's use to detect sterols, 2) their limit of detection, and 3) when during development their appetite manifests.</p> <p>5. All six beetle species we tested maintained a state-dependent appetite for sterols. Sterol structure affected beetles' propensity to feed on sterol-treated disks, indicating that the number and position of double bonds in sterol molecules affects beetles' ability to detect or desire to feed on them. Only beetles in clade three fed on plant foliage in response to sterol-limitation. Few beetles in any clade that were supplemented with sterols consumed plant tissue.</p> <p>6. Beetles' appetite for sterols first appeared during the second larval stadium, and the rate of sterol consumption increased with age. Ablations of sensory organs revealed that beetles use their labial palps to detect sterols, and that they detect them at concentrations as low as 1ppm.</p> <p>7. These data demonstrate that lady beetles across the Coccinellini maintain a state-dependent appetite for an essential class of micronutrients. They also provide very strong evidence that lady beetles can taste sterols, raising the possibility that they maintain novel as-yet undescribed gustatory receptors for an essential class of lipids.</p>
Figure 6 in The first fossil Microweiseini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Eocene of Europe and its significance for the reconstruction of the evolution of ladybird beetles
Figure 6. Diagram showing relationships within Coccinellidae and sister-families [after Seago et al. (2011) and Robertson et al. (2015), scaled based on McKenna et al. (2015) and Zhang et al. (2018), modified] with the indication of known fossil taxa.
Figure 3. Baltosidis damzeni. A, habitus ventral. B in The first fossil Microweiseini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Eocene of Europe and its significance for the reconstruction of the evolution of ladybird beetles
Figure 3. Baltosidis damzeni. A, habitus ventral. B, head, prosternum, mesoventrite. C, pronotum. D, tip of elytra with sutural lines. E, habitus lateral. F, details of maxillary palp. G, postcoxal lines on ventrite 1. Holotype, MAIG 5988 (A–E); paratype AWL 154 (F); paratype, MAIG 5967 (G).
Figure 5 in The first fossil Microweiseini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Eocene of Europe and its significance for the reconstruction of the evolution of ladybird beetles
Figure 5. FT-IR absorbance spectra of analysed amber pieces with the indication of museum inventory numbers above each spectrum.
Figure 4. Baltosidis szadziewskii. A, habitus dorsal. B in The first fossil Microweiseini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Eocene of Europe and its significance for the reconstruction of the evolution of ladybird beetles
Figure 4. Baltosidis szadziewskii. A, habitus dorsal. B, habitus, ventral. C, postcoxal lines on ventrite 1. D, setation on pronotum. E, pronotum. Holotype, GPIH (5032A–E).
Figure 1. A in The first fossil Microweiseini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Eocene of Europe and its significance for the reconstruction of the evolution of ladybird beetles
Figure 1. A, the single most-parsimonious tree from TNT, with character evolution of Microweiseinae. Numbers at the corresponding nodes represent Bremer support values. Characters are mapped on branches: black circles, non-homoplastic changes; white circles, homoplastic changes; numbers above the circles indicate characters, numbers below circles indicate their states. B, distribution of extant and extinct species of Microweiseini representing the monophyletic group marked by a grey square on the tree. Picture of Parasidis elguetai taken by Guillermo González.
Nonlinear time series analysis of the interaction between the citrus whitefly and the whitefly-specialist ladybird
<p>A comprehensive understanding of the top-down effects of natural enemies on agricultural pests is essential for achieving effective biological control in integrated pest management. However, it is typically difficult to identify causal effects between the interacting species from time series data, which have often been monitored for pest forecasting purposes in agricultural ecosystems, as it is likely to involve nonlinear (state-dependent) population dynamics. In this study, we applied a recently developed framework of nonlinear time series analysis (empirical dynamic modeling) to determine top-down and bottom-up effects between the citrus whitefly <i>Dialeurodes citri</i> and the whitefly-specialist ladybird <i>Serangium japonicum</i>. We used weekly monitoring data for the two species collected over 4 years in pesticide-free citrus groves located in Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan. Although we were able to identify time-delayed positive effects of <i>D. citri </i>abundance on <i>S. japonicum</i> abundance, we failed to detect any significant causal effects of <i>S. japonicum</i> abundance on <i>D. citri</i> abundance. Moreover, weather variables (temperature and rainfall) were found to have only a negligible effect on the population dynamics of the two species. Our findings indicate that bottom-up rather than top-down effects predominate in the weekly dynamics of this predator–prey system. On the basis of these observations, we discuss whether <i>S. japonicum</i> would be an effective agent for the biological control of <i>D. citri</i> in open field systems.</p>
Fig. 1. A map showing 10 in New data on the distribution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the eastern part of the Baltic Coast region in Poland
Fig. 1. A map showing 10 km x 10 km grid coordinates, in which samples of Coccinellidae for this study were collected.
Fig. 2 in New data on the distribution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the eastern part of the Baltic Coast region in Poland
Fig. 2. Species composition of Coccinellidae recorded in the eastern part of the Baltic Coast in Poland on deciduous trees and shrubs (A), conifers (B), herbaceous plants (C) and beaches (D). Filled bars – contribution of the invasive Harmonia axyridis. Records of individuals without indication of the habitat where caught (228 individuals) are omitted in this calculation.
Raw data for the study titled "Fungal ectoparasites increase winter mortality of ladybird hosts despite limited effects on their immune system"
<p>Winter represents a challenging period for insects inhabiting temperate regions. A plethora of studies have investigated how abiotic environmental conditions such as temperature affect insect overwintering success. However, only a few studies have focused on biotic factors and the mechanisms affecting the overwintering performance of insects. Here, we investigated the effects of the parasitic fungus <em>Hesperomyces virescens</em> on the overwintering performance and immune system functioning of the invasive ladybird <em>Harmonia axyridis</em>. Winter survival was significantly lower for infected than for uninfected beetles. Body mass loss during overwintering tend to be higher for infected individuals compared to uninfected ones and for larger beetles. In addition, parasitic infection reduced post-winter longevity without food in male but not female ladybirds. Total haemocyte and protein concentration as well as antimicrobial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> significantly decreased during ladybird overwintering. However, haemolymph parameters were only poorly affected by <em>Hesperomyces</em> infection, with the exception of antimicrobial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> that tended to be higher in infected ladybirds. Interestingly, none of the pre-winter haemolymph parameters were good predictors of ladybird winter survival. Overall, our results indicate that energy exhaustion unrelated to immune system challenge is the most probable explanation for increased overwintering mortality in infected beetles.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Zach P, Panigaj Ľ, Honěk A, Nedvěd O, Kulfan J, Martinková Z, Selyemová D, Viglášová S, Roy H (2014) The invasion history, distribution and colour pattern forms of the harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pall.) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Slovakia, Central Europe. ZooKeys 412: 89-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.6587
Records of Harmonia axyridis in Slovakia: Explanation note: There are records from 2008 to 2012; years 2008 and 2009 marked in bold. The localities (sites of collection) are arranged in alphabetical order. Indicated are the numeric code of the mapping square (see Fig. 1), year of the first record and name of observer. Data on absence of the species are indicated by subsequent records of the species in the same squares or near squares from which it had not previously been recorded (e.g. 2008 – no record, 2009 – first record).
FIGURE 302. Distribution map. S in Taxonomic review of the ladybird genus Sticholotis from China (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
FIGURE 302. Distribution map. S. octopunctata sp. nov. (▲); S. jinpingensis sp. nov. (■); S. clavata sp. nov. (●); S. crassa sp. nov. ().
FIGURE 301. Distribution map. S in Taxonomic review of the ladybird genus Sticholotis from China (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
FIGURE 301. Distribution map. S. denticulata Hoàng, 1982 (▲); S. pengi sp. nov. (■); S. wuzhishana sp. nov. (●); S. nanlingensis sp. nov. ().
FIGURE 300. Distribution map. S in Taxonomic review of the ladybird genus Sticholotis from China (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
FIGURE 300. Distribution map. S. latissima sp. nov. (▲); S. maolanensis sp. nov. (■); S. tenuis sp. nov. (●); S. brachyloba sp. nov. ().
FIGURE 299. Distribution map. S. punctata Crotch, 1874 in Taxonomic review of the ladybird genus Sticholotis from China (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
FIGURE 299. Distribution map. S. punctata Crotch, 1874 (▲); S. magnopunctata sp. nov. (■); S. acutifolia sp. nov. (●); S. tortus sp. nov. ().
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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