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259 results for “landscape scale”

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dryad36/100

Datasets from: Local- and landscape-scale drivers of terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity along a tropical rainfall gradient in Western Ghats, India

This data set contains information on local- and landscape-level terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity and critical abiotic factors along a 36-km East-West transect in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu India. Understory angiosperms with no above-ground wood (secondary cambial growth) were considered as herbaceous plants.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Scale-dependent effects of landscape structure on pollinator traits, species interactions and pollination success

Data: Plant-pollinator interactions, pollinator body size (inter-tegular distance, ITD) and plant reproductive success (number of seeds produced). Data collected by Christie J. Webber. Data collected in 14 experimental flowering plant patches during December 2012–February 2013. Patches were located in a 105 hectare sheep farm pasture in Oxford, North Canterbury, New Zealand (43°19'21"S 172°12'25"E). Files: <ul> <li>Data_S1: contains plant-pollinator interactions sampled and pollinator inter-tegular distance (ITD). Data_S1 columns: patch ID where the interaction was recorded, plant species, pollinator ITD (mm), and pollinator family, genus and species.</li> <li>Data_S2: contains the number of seeds produced by each of the five flowers of each plant individual from each plant species on each patch. Data_S2 columns: patch ID where the measurement was taken, plant species, plant number (individual sampled), number of seeds.</li> </ul> Dataset used in "Scale-dependent effects of landscape structure on pollinator traits, species interactions and pollination success" by G. Peralta, C.J. Webber, G.L.W. Perry, D.B. Stouffer, D.P. Vázquez and J.M. Tylianakis.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

zenodo36/100

'Projected Landscape-scale Repercussions of Global Action for Climate and Biodiversity Protection' - model outputs

Archive of model outputs produced for the MAgPIE v4.3.5 paper 'Projected Landscape-scale Repercussions of Global Action for Climate and Biodiversity Protection'. The model code of the MAgPIE and SEALS models can be accessed via: MAgPIE model code: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5394196">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5394196</a> and <a href="https://github.com/magpiemodel/magpie">https://github.com/magpiemodel/magpie</a> MAgPIE model documentation: <a href="https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/magpie/4.3.5/">https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/magpie/4.3.5/</a> SEALS model code: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7795957">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7795957</a> Data descriptions: glosem_input.zip contains the spatially-explicit RLSK and C-factor data for each of the modelled scenarios at 10 arcseconds and the R code to estimate C-factor values based on the MAgPIE-SEALS outputs. glosem_output.zip contains the spatially-explicit soil loss estimates for all scenarioso and the R code used to process the input data. The data was used to create Fig. 7. magpie_ouput.zip contains the MAgPIE model outputs of all scenarios. The data is shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, & 5. pollination_sufficiency.zip contains the spatially-explicit pollination sufficiency estimates for all modelled scenarios and the R code used to derive the pollination sufficiency scores. The data is displayed in Fig. 6.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data and codes from: Taxon-specific responses to landscape-scale and long-term implementation of environmentally friendly rice farming

<ol> <li> Rice feeds about half of the world's population. The intensification of rice farming has threatened biodiversity and ecosystem services, such as pest control. A growing body of evidence suggests that environmentally friendly rice farming (EFF) can be effective in biodiversity conservation. However, its dependence on spatial and temporal scales of EFF implementation and surrounding seminatural habitats has remained largely unknown. </li> <li> We evaluated the effects of three types of EFF (organic farming, winter flooding and Integrated Pest Management [IPM]) against conventional farming on plants, spiders, and waterbirds in Japan. Through systematic surveys of 254 rice fields across rice production areas, we monitored EFF implementation at field and landscape scales, considering the time since transition to EFF and the surrounding seminatural areas. </li> <li> EFF implementation at the field scale, such as organic farming, was found to have positive effects on plant richness and spider abundance, whereas the percent area of EFF fields within a 200-m radius positively affected Ardeidae abundance. However, as the percent area of surrounding semi-natural habitats increased, the difference in the plant richness between organic and other fields decreased. </li> <li>Prolonged implementation periods of IPM or winter flooding, together with a reduction of more than 50% in synthetic fertilisers and pesticides from conventional agriculture, led to an increase in the spider abundance. Conversely, no clear positive effect of longer implementation periods of organic farming resulted in similar spider abundance in the three EFF types after 20 years.</li> <li> Synthesis and applications. This suggests that the benefits of environmentally friendly rice farming depend on their spatial and temporal scales and the surrounding seminatural areas. We propose that such a context dependency should be considered in future policy. Our findings also provide a starting point for future research to test the mixed biodiversity benefits of EFF across cropland types and around the world. </li> </ol>

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Effective management for deadwood-dwelling lichen diversity requires landscape-scale habitat protection

<ol> <li>Habitat loss is considered a major threat for biodiversity. However, the scales on which its effects occur are still insufficiently understood, namely, is the amount of available habitat important for species richness on both local and landscape scales? We studied the effects of local and landscape-scale habitat amount on local-scale species density of deadwood-dependent lichens in Swedish boreal forests. Creation and retention of dead wood are common practices to benefit forest biodiversity, and recognizing the relevant scale is critical for them to be successful.</li> <li>We surveyed deadwood-dependent lichens in 90 unmanaged forest stands that differed in the local and landscape habitat amount. The local habitat amount was measured as the amount of dead wood in the sampled stands (m2 dead wood/ha), while six alternative proxies were used to estimate the landscape habitat amount, i.e., the amount of dead wood in the landscapes surrounding the sampled forest stands. Lichen species density (number of species per standardized dead wood area of 3.7 m2) was modelled as a function of local habitat amount and landscape habitat amount at multiple scales (300 m – 5 km from the stands).</li> <li>We found that lichen species density increased with the landscape habitat amount. The proportion of old forests (> 100 years, including newly clear-cut stands that until recently were old forests) within 5 km from the studied stands explained species density better than the other proxies of landscape habitat amount. Local dead wood amount did not affect species density, and there was no interaction between the local and landscape habitat amount. </li> <li> Synthesis and applications: To promote the conservation of deadwood-dependent lichens, the amount of old forests in managed forest landscapes should be maintained or increased. A certain amount of dead wood hosted more lichen species when situated in a landscape with more old forest, while there was no effect of the local dead wood amount. This suggests that management aimed at increasing the local species density of deadwood-dwelling lichens should focus on creating and maintaining habitat in the surrounding landscape rather than on only adding deadwood to that local site. In other words, effective management for deadwood-dependent lichen diversity requires landscape-scale habitat protection.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Local and landscape scale woodland cover and diversification of agroecological practices shape butterfly communities in tropical smallholder landscapes

The conversion of biodiversity-rich woodland to farmland and subsequent management has strong, often negative, impacts on biodiversity. In tropical smallholder agricultural landscapes, the impacts of agriculture on insect communities, both through habitat change and subsequent farmland management, is understudied. The use of agroecological practices has social and agronomic benefits for smallholders. Although ecological co-benefits of agroecological practices are assumed, systematic empirical assessments of biodiversity effects of agroecological practices are missing, particularly in Africa. In Malawi, we assessed butterfly abundance, species richness, species assemblages and community life-history traits on 24 paired woodland and smallholder-managed farmland sites located across a gradient of woodland cover within a 1 km radius. We tested whether habitat type (woodland vs. farmland) and woodland cover at the landscape scale interactively shaped butterfly communities. Farms varied in the implementation of agroecological pest and soil management practices and flowering plant species richness. Farmland had lower butterfly abundances and approximately half the species richness than woodland. Farmland butterfly communities had, on average, a larger wingspan than woodland site communities. Surprisingly, higher woodland cover in the landscape had no effect on butterfly abundance in both habitats. In contrast, species richness was higher with higher woodland cover. Butterfly species assemblages were distinct between wood- and farmland and shifted across the woodland cover gradient. Farmland butterfly abundance, but not species richness, was higher with higher flowering plant species richness on farms. Farms with a higher number of agroecological pest management practices had a lower abundance of the dominant butterfly species, but not of rarer species. However, a larger number of agroecological soil management practices was associated with a higher abundance of rarer species. Synthesis and applications: We show that diversified agroecological soil practices and flowering plant richness enhanced butterfly abundance on farms. However, our results suggest that on-farm measures cannot compensate for the negative effects of continued woodland conversion. Therefore, we call for more active protection of remaining African woodlands in tandem with promoting agroecological soil management practices and on-farm flowering plant richness to conserve butterflies whilst benefiting smallholders.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Reversing declines in farmland birds: how much agri-environment provision is needed at farm and landscapes scales?

1) Agri-environment schemes (AES) are the primary policy mechanism for addressing farmland biodiversity declines across Europe. Despite previous studies on the impacts of AES on biodiversity, there is little empirical evidence on the scale of provision required to reverse declines. 2) Across three regions of lowland England with contrasting farm systems (arable, pastoral, mixed) we estimated avian Population Growth Rates (PGRs) on farmland with high AES provision ('higher-tier': average bird-friendly option cover = 7.4%), low AES provision ('lower-tier': 2.3%), and no bird-friendly AES ('no AES'). Ten-year PGRs were derived for 24 species and three multi-species groups comprising farmland-associated species ('farmland birds'), species of conservation concern ('priority birds'), and species restricted to farmland ('specialist birds'). We used PGRs to simulate the proportion of the regional farmland landscape that would have to be assigned to higher- and lower-tier agreements to stabilise or increase populations. 3) In the arable and pastoral regions, 13/23 and 13/22 species respectively had more positive PGRs under higher-tier AES than on no AES farmland (none had more negative PGRs), compared to 4/22 (positive) and 1/22 (negative) in the mixed region. Only 2-4 species per region exhibited more positive PGRs under lower-tier AES compared to no AES farmland. 4) Multi-species PGRs in the arable and pastoral regions increased from no AES (strong decline), to lower-tier (decline or stability) to higher-tier (moderate or strong increase). There was no overall AES effect in the mixed region. 5) To increase regional farmland bird populations by 10% over 10-years, 47% and 26% of the farmed landscape would need to be devoted to higher-tier agreements in arable and pastoral landscapes respectively. This falls to 34% and 17% when higher-tier is targeted at localities supporting higher abundances of target species, and to 29% and 10% when 30% of the farmed landscape is also devoted to lower-tier. Priority and specialist birds require higher provision levels. 6) Policy implications. Where farmland bird recovery is an AES objective, farms should prioritise higher-tier agreement delivery over lower-tier. Farmland bird responses to AES provision are likely to vary regionally but careful targeting will reduce the amount needed in the landscape.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100