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FIGURES 13–16 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 13–16. Macrophotographs of cells of Hesperapis larreae collected in 1990 and 1994, preserved in the AMNH, from extreme southern Yavapai Co., AZ, at 8 mi NW of Wickenburg, Maricopa Co. Note smooth inner surface of wall and fine-grained sand lining contrasting with coarse substrate. 13. Fresh cell. 14. Close-up of cell wall, showing fine texture and absence of protruding pebbles. 15. Cells from which postdefecating larvae removed after application of hardening material. 16. Fragment of cell wall from figure 15 showing brownish, smoothly flattened fecal pellets.

FIGURES 23–25 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 23–25. Diagram of egg of Hesperapis rhodocerata lateral view, anterior end to left. FIGURES 24, 25. Diagrams of second instar of Hesperapis rhodocerata, spicules not shown. 24. Entire larva, lateral view. 25. Abdominal segments 4 and 5, ventral view showing paired tubercles.

FIGURES 26–30 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 26–30. Diagrams of mature larvae of Hesperapis rhodocerata. 26. Entire postdefecating larva, lateral view. 27. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 28, 29. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. FIGURE 30. Diagram of mature larva of Hesperapis larreae, lateral view.

FIGURES 17–19 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 17–19. Microphotographs of right side of cleared head capsules of three species of Hesperapis used to compare degree of integumental wrinkling, frontal view. (ATP = anterior tentorial pit.) 17. H. rhodocerata. 18. H. trochanterata. 19. H. larreae.

FIGURES 20–22 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 20–22. SEM micrographs of front end of egg of Hesperapis rhodocerata. 20. Showing position of micropyle (arrow). 21. Close-up of same, showing micropyle and surrounding sculpturing of chorion. 22. Close-up of micropyle.

FIGURES 10–12 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)

FIGURES 10–12. Macrophotograph of cells of Hesperia rhodocerata. 10. Empty cell, dorsal view showing coarse surface similar in texture to that of surrounding substrate. 11. Cell, top removed, showing second or third larval instar on top of sphere of provisions and rough, uneven surface of cell floor without special lining. 12. Fragment of cell floor covered with moldy fecal pellets. [Fig. 11 courtesy William de Oliveira Sabino]

Figs. 34–40. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 34. Head, frontal view. 35. Head, lateral view. 36 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 34–40. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 34. Head, frontal view. 35. Head, lateral view. 36. Spiracle of predefecating larva, side view. 37. Apex of right maxilla, dorsal view. 38–40. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

Figs. 29–33. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 29. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 30 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 29–33. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 29. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 30. Same, posterior view of terminal abdominal segments. 31. Same, dorsal view of posterior part of metathorax and first three abdominal segments. 32. Predefecating, early fifth instar, lateral view. 33. Predefecating, late fifth instar, lateral view. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to all figures.

Figs. 17–23. Exaerete smaragdina, third instar. 17. Entire body, lateral view. 18. Head, frontal view. 19. Head, lateral view. 20–22 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 17–23. Exaerete smaragdina, third instar. 17. Entire body, lateral view. 18. Head, frontal view. 19. Head, lateral view. 20–22. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively. 23. Right mandible with apex in maximum profile. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 17.

Fig. 1 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 1. Cells of Eulaema nigrita being provisioned (a and b) and parasitized (c) by Exaerete smaragdina; the arrow (d) indicates the plugged scar made by Exaerete smaragdina. The new cells (a, b, and c) were attached to one cell of the older cell cluster built during the first reuse process of N6.

Figs. 24–28. Exaerete smaragdina, fourth instar. 24. Entire body, lateral view. 25. Head, frontal view. 26. Head, lateral view. 27, 28 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 24–28. Exaerete smaragdina, fourth instar. 24. Entire body, lateral view. 25. Head, frontal view. 26. Head, lateral view. 27, 28. Right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 24.

Fig. 2 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 2. Cell cluster of Eulaema nigrita from N3. Cell 1 shows the position of eggs of Exaerete smaragdina (ex) and Eulaema nigrita (el) on the food mass. Cells 2 and 3 show one larva (L) and one egg of Exaerete smaragdina, respectively. Cells 4 and 5 were being provisioned.

Figs. 16, 17 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 16, 17. SEM micrograph of larval instars of Coelioxys coturnix. 16. Second instar showing skin of first instar attached to venter. 17. Close-up of first-instar mandible (identified by rectangle in fig. 16).

Figs. 11–15 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 11–15. SEM micrographs of first larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 11. Head, covered by chorion, biting egg of Megachile minutissima, frontolateral view. 12. Close-up of front of head, showing micropylar sculpturing of chorion. 13. Head of larva, now removed from host egg, showing mouthparts, near lateral view. 14. Same, approximate ventral view. 15. Mouthparts, with egg chorion and lateral part of parietal now removed, approximate frontal view.

Figs. 4–8 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 4–8. Macrophotographs of live eggs and early instars of Coelioxys coturnix and eggs of its host, Megachile minutissima. 4. Egg of C. coturnix on host egg. 5. Shrouded first instar of C. coturnix feeding on partly depleted egg of host. 6. Live egg of C. coturnix with its posterior end slightly submerged in provisions and positioned slightly diagonally on host egg; note second egg of C. coturnix removed from host egg and resting in provisions. 7. Egg of C. coturnix attached to host egg, both resting on their sides. 8. Live first instar of C. coturnix feeding on host egg with large egg of Sapyga luteomaculata, ready to eclose, nearby on surface of provisions.

Figs. 23–26 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 23–26. SEM micrographs of third larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 23. Head, mostly frontal view. 24. Close-up of mouthparts, showing dorsal mandibular tooth larger than on previous instar and showing larger palpi than on previous instar. 25. Close-up of left antenna and anterior tentorial pit (as identified by rectangle, fig. 23), showing two sensilla. 26. Spiracle, abdominal segment 3, right side.

Figs. 9, 10 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 9, 10. SEM micrographs of second instar (identified by its mandible, as in fig. 20) of Coelioxys coturnix. 9. The somewhat flaccid egg of Megachile minutissima to which is attached the chorion and presumably first instar skin of C. coturnix. 10. Close-up of micropyle (identified by rectangle in fig. 9) matched with micropyle of mature oocyte (Rozen and Kamel, 2007: fig. 33).

Figs. 1–3 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 1–3. Trap-nest panels, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. 1. Five panels deployed on campus. 2. Close-up of part of one panel showing nesting straws projecting from holes in painted foam plastic and a female of Coelioxys coturnix at one entrance. 3. Nest straw removed from panel and opened to expose leaflined cells of Megachile minutissima.

Figs. 27–29 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 27–29. SEM micrographs of fourth larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 27. Head, frontal view, showing enlarged dorsal mandibular teeth. 28. Same, ventral view, showing longer antennal papillae and palpi compared with earlier instars. 29. Close-up of left antenna with three sensilla and anterior tentorial pit (identified by rectangle in fig. 27).

Figs. 18–22 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 18–22. SEM micrographs of second instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 18. Head, frontolateral view; upper rectangle refers to fig. 19; lower rectangle refers to fig. 22. 19. Close-up of left antenna and anterior tentorial pit. 20. Close-up of mandible, showing small subapical dorsal tooth, and labral apex with apical row of pronounced, sensilla-bearing tubercles. 21. Base of right mandible, showing small tubercles on outer surface, and right maxilla. 22. Close-up of labiomaxillary region, showing labial palpi and left maxilla and palpus.