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534 results for “lethal”
A heat-sensitive songbird’s risk of lethal hyperthermia increases with humidity
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Negative attitudes are associated with lethal control of rodents in an Indigenous Community from the temperate forest of Mexico
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Abiotic environments can modify the penetrance of transgene-based lethality systems for insect population control
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Host suitability and fitness-related parameters in Coptera haywardi ([Hymenoptera]: [Diapriidae]) reared on irradiated Ceratitis capitata ([Diptera]: [Tehritidae]) pupae stemming from the genetic sexing Vienna-8 strain with a temperature-sensitive lethal mutation
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Wing: A suitable non-lethal tissue type for repeatable and rapid telomere length estimates in bats
Telomeres are used increasingly in ecology and evolution as biomarkers for ageing and environmental stress, and are typically measured from DNA extracted from non-lethally sampled blood. However, obtaining blood is not always possible in field conditions and only limited amounts can be taken from small mammals, such as bats, which moreover lack nucleated red blood cells and hence yield relatively low amounts of DNA. As telomere length can vary within species according to age and tissue, it is important to determine which tissues serve best as a representation of the organism as a whole. Here, we investigated whether wing tissue biopsies, a rapid and relatively non-invasive tissue collection method, could serve as a proxy for other tissues when measuring relative telomere length (rTL) in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Telomeres were measured from blood, brain, heart, kidney, liver lung, muscle and wing, and multiple wing biopsies were taken from the same individuals to determine intra-individual repeatability of rTL measured by using qPCR. Wing rTL correlated with rTL estimates from most tissues apart from blood. Blood rTL was not significantly correlated with rTL from any other tissue. Blood and muscle rTL were significantly longer compared with other tissues, while lung displayed the shortest rTLs. Individual repeatability of rTL measures from wing tissue was high (>76%). Here we show the relationships between tissue telomere dynamics for the first time in a bat, and our results provide support for the use of wing tissue for rTL measurements.
Supplementary material 3 from: Duron Q, Cornulier T, Vidal E, Bourguet E, Ruffino L (2020) Combining live and lethal trapping to inform the management of alien invasive rodent populations in a tropical montane forest. NeoBiota 63: 101-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.63.53811
Mean distances (± se) of trapped rats from the edge of the removal area during the four trapping sessions
Supplementary material 4 from: Duron Q, Cornulier T, Vidal E, Bourguet E, Ruffino L (2020) Combining live and lethal trapping to inform the management of alien invasive rodent populations in a tropical montane forest. NeoBiota 63: 101-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.63.53811
Distances (in meters) travelled between rats' home range centers in the CMR area and their recapture in the removal area for 27 individuals
Data from: Evidence of the phenotypic expression of a lethal recessive allele under inbreeding in a wild population of conservation concern
Deleterious recessive alleles that are masked in outbred populations are predicted to be expressed in small, inbred populations, reducing both individual fitness and population viability. However, there are few definitive examples of phenotypic expression of lethal recessive alleles under inbreeding conditions in wild populations. Studies that demonstrate the action of such alleles, and infer their distribution and dynamics, are required to understand their potential impact on population viability and inform management responses. The Scottish population of red-billed choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), which currently totals <60 breeding pairs and is of major conservation concern, has recently been affected by lethal blindness in nestlings. We used family data to show that the pattern of occurrence of blindness within and across affected families that produced blind nestlings was exactly 0·25, matching that expected given a single-locus autosomal lethal recessive allele. Furthermore, the observed distribution of blind nestlings within affected families did not differ from that expected given Mendelian inheritance of such an allele. Relatedness estimates showed that individuals from affected families were not more closely related to each other than they were to individuals from unaffected families that did not produce blind nestlings. Blind individuals tended to be less heterozygous than non-blind individuals, as expected if blindness was caused by the expression of a recessive allele under inbreeding. However, there was no difference in the variance in heterozygosity estimates, suggesting that some blind individuals were relatively outbred. These results suggest carriers of the blindness allele may be widely distributed across contemporary families rather than restricted to a single family lineage, implying that the allele has persisted across multiple generations. Blindness occurred at low frequency (affecting 1·6% of observed nestlings since 1981). However, affected families had larger initial brood sizes than unaffected families. Such high fecundity of carriers of a lethal recessive allele might reflect overdominance, potentially reducing purging and increasing allele persistence probability. We thereby demonstrate the phenotypic expression of a lethal recessive allele in a wild population of conservation concern, and provide a general framework for inferring allele distribution and persistence and informing management responses.
Using aerobic exercise to evaluate sub-lethal tolerance of acute warming in fishes
<p>We investigated whether fatigue from sustained aerobic swimming provides a sublethal endpoint to define tolerance of acute warming in fishes, as an alternative to loss of equilibrium (LOE) during a critical thermal maximum protocol (CT<sub>max</sub>). Two species were studied, Nile tilapia <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> and pacu <i>Piaractus mesopotamicus</i>. Each fish underwent an incremental swim test to determine gait transition speed (U<sub>GT</sub>), where it first engaged the unsteady anaerobic swimming mode that preceded fatigue. After suitable recovery each fish was swum at 85% of their own U<sub>GT</sub> and warmed 1°C every 30 min, to identify the temperature at which they fatigued, denoted as CT<sub>swim</sub>. Fish were also submitted to a standard CT<sub>max</sub>, warming at the same rate as CT<sub>swim, </sub>under static conditions until LOE. All individuals fatigued in CT<sub>swim</sub>, at a mean temperature approximately 2°C lower than their CT<sub>max</sub>. Therefore, if exposed to acute warming in the wild, the ability to perform aerobic metabolic work would be constrained at temperatures significantly below those that directly threatened survival. The collapse in performance at CT<sub>swim</sub> was preceded by a gait transition qualitatively indistinguishable from that during the incremental swim test. This suggests that fatigue in CT<sub>swim</sub> was linked to an inability to meet the tissue oxygen demands of exercise plus warming. This is consistent with the oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis, regarding the mechanism underlying tolerance of warming in fishes. Overall, fatigue at CT<sub>swim</sub> provides an ecologically relevant sub-lethal threshold that is more sensitive to extreme events than LOE at CT<sub>max</sub>.</p>
Data from: Lethal and sublethal synergistic effects of a new systemic pesticide, flupyradifurone (Sivanto®) on honey bees
The honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is an important pollinator and a model for pesticide effects on insect pollinators. The effects of agricultural pesticides on honey bee health have therefore raised concern. Bees can be exposed to multiple pesticides that may interact synergistically, amplifying their side-effects. Attention has focused on neonicotinoid pesticides, but flupyradifurone (FPF) is a novel butenolide insecticide that is also systemic and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist. We therefore tested the lethal and sublethal toxic effects of FPF over different seasons and worker types, and the interaction of FPF with a common SBI fungicide, propiconazole. We provide the first demonstration of adverse synergistic effects on bee survival and behaviour (poor coordination, hyperactivity, apathy) at field-realistic doses. Pesticide effects were significantly influenced by worker type and season. Foragers were consistently more susceptible to these pesticides (4-fold greater effect) than in-hive bees, and both worker types were more strongly affected by FPF in summer as compared to spring. Because risk assessment requires relatively limited tests that only marginally address bee behaviour and do not consider the influence of bee age and season, our results raise concerns about the safety of approved pesticides, including FPF. We suggest that pesticide risk assessment also test for common chemical mixture synergies on behaviour and survival.
Data from: Mortality and lamb body mass growth in free-ranging domestic sheep – environmental impacts including lethal and non-lethal impacts of predators
The management and recovery of large predator populations in areas where human persecution has driven them to ecological extinction requires a solid understanding of the effects of both predation and food limitation on prey populations. We used 11 yr of data on reported losses among 17.3 million free-ranging sheep Ovis aries in the Norwegian farming industry to elucidate the relative roles of climate, vegetation characteristics, sheep densities, lamb body mass and densities of predators and alternative prey on the number of lambs and ewes lost on summer pastures. We first examined whether predator densities predicted autumn lamb body mass through possible impacts of predators on body growth (non-lethal effects) but found no evidence for such effects in our study system. This might be due to weak anti-predator behavioral responses in domesticated sheep. However, autumn lamb body mass was predicted by both sheep density and winter and spring weather conditions, probably through food availability. Losses of both lambs and ewes were positively and strongly related to the density of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx, wolverine Gulo gulo and brown bear Ursus arctos. In addition, food availability and spring weather conditions were associated to losses of lambs, while precipitation in May predicted losses of ewes. There was little evidence for interaction effects of predator species on losses, suggesting that most of the effects of the predators were additive to each other. Given the strong effect of predator densities on sheep losses, we conclude that changing livestock husbandry practices towards a system that actively protects sheep and/or active management of predator densities may be necessary to reduce sheep losses where predators are recolonizing.
Data from: Cost of reproduction in the Queensland fruit fly: Y-model vs. lethal protein hypothesis
The trade-off between lifespan and reproduction is commonly explained by differential allocation of limited resources. Recent research has shown that the ratio of protein to carbohydrate (P:C) of a fly's diet mediates the lifespan/reproduction trade-off, with higher P:C diets increasing egg production but decreasing lifespan. To test if this P:C effect is due to changing allocation strategies (Y-model hypothesis) or detrimental effects of protein ingestion on lifespan (lethal protein hypothesis), we measured lifespan and egg production in Queensland fruit flies varying in reproductive status (mated, virgin, and sterilized females, virgin males) that were fed one of 18 diets varying in protein and carbohydrate amounts. The Y-model predicts that for sterilized females and for males, which require little protein for reproduction, there will be no effect of P:C ratio on lifespan; the lethal protein hypothesis predicts that the effect of P:C ratio should be similar in all groups. In support of the lethal protein hypothesis, and counter to the Y model, the P:C ratio of the ingested diets had similar effects for all groups. We conclude that the trade-off between lifespan and reproduction is mediated by the detrimental side-effects of protein ingestion on lifespan.
Data from: Predation risk affects growth and reproduction of an invasive snail and its lethal effect depends on prey size
The behavior of invasive species under predation risk has been studied extensively, but their growth and reproductive responses have rarely been investigated. We conducted experiments with juveniles and adults of the invasive freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata, and we observed changes in growth and reproduction in response to predation risk from a caged predator (Trachemys scripta elegans). P. canaliculata produced eggs earlier in the presence of predators and injured conspecifics compared with the control group (no risk), although the total number of egg masses laid by per female was exceeded by that of the controls after 15 days. Egg hatching success noticeably decreased under predation risk, and the incubation period was significantly prolonged; however, the oviposition height of the snails was not affected. A lethal effect of predation risk was detected in juvenile snails but not in adults. The growth of juvenile P. canaliculata was inhibited under predation risk, probably due to a reduction in food intake. Adult females exhibited a greater reduction in growth under predation risk than males, which likely resulted in part from the high reproductive investment of females in egg laying. These results indicate that P. canaliculata snails under predation risk face a trade-off between predator avoidance and growth and reproduction, where the lethal effect of predation risk is linked to the size of the prey.
FIGURE 4. Malo kingi n in Malo kingi: A new species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), possibly lethal to humans, from Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 4. Malo kingi n. sp. A. Tentacular nematocyst, undischarged. B. Exumbrellar nematocysts from bell wart, spherical holotrichous isorhiza. C. Tentacular nematocyst, discharged, Type 4 microbasic p-mastigophores; note spines orientated away from capsule, confined to distal end of shaft.
FIGURE 3. Malo kingi n in Malo kingi: A new species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), possibly lethal to humans, from Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 3. Malo kingi n. sp. A. Pedalium. B. Rhopalial niche ostium; note short, broad, curved rhopalial horns (arrows). C. Rhopalial horns (arrows), subumbrellar view; note also single-sheet-like frenulum below. D. Rhopalium (removed from animal), front view (left), side view (right); note lack of lateral eye spots. E. Velarial canals (vc) and perradial lappets (pl); note nipple-like extensions on lappets. F. Mesenteries; note flap-like nature in stomach region (arrows), with only cord-like extension to rhopalium. G. Statolith, from "pseudo" form; note "apical" tooth (black arrow), concave "base" (white arrow).
FIGURE 1. Malo kingi n in Malo kingi: A new species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), possibly lethal to humans, from Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 1. Malo kingi n. sp. A. Holotype, preserved ("halo" form). B. Paratype SAM H1049, preserved ("pseudo" form). Specimens are opaque due to preservation.
FIGURE 2. Malo kingi n in Malo kingi: A new species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), possibly lethal to humans, from Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 2. Malo kingi n. sp. A. Tentacle of holotype; note "halo-like" perpendicular tissue flaps, with nematocysts inserted end-on around periphery. B. Tentacle of "Pseudo-Irukandji" form; note smoothly rounded bands with embedded nematocysts.
Lethal phenotypes in Mendelian disorders - Supplementary Files
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Raw data for Urine DNA (uDNA) as a non-lethal method for endoparasite biomonitoring: development and validation
<p>Changes in environmental conditions alter host-parasite interactions, raising the need for effective epidemiological surveillance. Developing operational, accurate, and cost-effective methods to assess individual infection status and potential for pathogen spread is a prerequisite to anticipate future disease outbreaks in wild populations. For endoparasites, effective detection of infections usually relies on host-lethal approaches, which are barely compatible with wildlife conservation objectives. Here, we used the brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) - <i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</i> host-parasite system to develop a non-lethal method for endoparasite infection detection, hereafter called "uDNA" for urine DNA. The uDNA diagnostic test is based on the amplification of endoparasite DNA from host urine. We sampled wild fish (N = 111) from eight sites, let them excrete in individual buckets filled with mineral water and performed parasite DNA amplification from water filtration. We compared the results of the uDNA diagnostic test for host infection status and parasite load to those from kidney samples (the current standard method). uDNA was sensitive in determining host infection status (even for infected hosts showing no sign of the disease), since up to 90% of fish individuals were correctly assigned to their infection status. The quantity of uDNA detected from the hosts depended on the sampling sites, suggesting a spatial variation in the parasite spread. uDNA was positively, but weakly correlated with parasite load in the kidney. This correlation depended on the severity of macroscopic lesions caused by the disease, and was negative in fish with severely damaged kidney, likely due to impaired urine excretion. The uDNA approach provides novel avenues to non-lethally infer infection parameters from wildlife populations at large spatial scales. By targeting parasite transmission stage, uDNA is also valuable to get insights on the parasite fitness and the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of this host-parasite interaction.</p>
Bioconcentration and lethal effects of gas-condensate and crude oil on nearshore copepod assemblages
<p> To assess the toxicity of petroleum pollutants on copepod assemblages, we conducted microcosm experiments simulating slick scenarios at five different concentrations (0, 50, 250, 500, 100 ppm) of gas-condensate and crude oil. We collected natural zooplankton from a coastal station (32°51'07.1 N 34°59'26.2 E) on July 18, 2021 (“gas-condensate experiment”) and July 27, 2021 (“crude oil experiment”) by two horizontal Bongo net tows (200 and 65 µm mesh size; 300 µm mesh size), and surface seawater (sieved through a 50 µm mesh). The seawater was enriched with the collected zooplankton (65 µm - 2 mm size fraction) and incubated in 10 L polycarbonate container microcosms for 48 hours. After incubation, a subsample of 5 L was taken from each experimental microcosm using a hand pump. Each sample was sieved through a 50 µm mesh, rinsed with 0.2 μm filtered seawater, and concentrated in 200 ml in a glass beaker. The samples were examined under the stereomicroscope (SZX16, Olympus, Japan) and the number of dead (not swimming and/or not moving) and live individuals (swimming and/or moving after being gently touched with tweezers) of calanoid and cyclopoid copepods were counted for estimating survival. e data included the counts of the dead and live individuals (copepods, including calanoid and cyclopoid copepods). Survival (%) was estimated for each treatment as the live/dead ratio at the end of each incubation (48h).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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