Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 4 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 4. Range of motion of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 using the digital skeleton mount of GPIT, from Trossingen, Germany. A. Lateral view of cervicals in neutral articulation, maximal dorsiflexion and maximal ventriflexion. B. Dorsal view of cervicals in neutral articulation and maximal lateral flexion. C–F. Dorsal vertebral column and ribcage in dorsal view in maximal lateral flexion (C), lateral view in maximal ventriflexion (D), lateral view in maximal dorsiflexion (E); air exchange volume determination (F). Pink ribs and dark green volume = exhaled volume, red ribs and translucent green volume = inhaled volume. See text for further explanation. G. Tail in lateral view, showing (top to bottom) dorsiflexion at 10° and at 5° per joint, neutral articulation, maximum ventriflexion. H. Tail in dorsal view, straight and at 10° lateral flexion. Length of cervical series 103 cm, length of dorsal series 137 cm, length of caudal series 261 cm. Anterior to the left in A–C and F–H, to the right in D and E.

Fig. 3 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 3. Examples for the influence of soft tissues on joint motions. A. Outline drawing of caudals 5 and 6 of salt−water crocodile Crocodylus porosus, IPFUB OS 13 in dorsal view. Anterior is up. Caudal 6 is shown in positions with full, 50% and minimal zyapophysal overlap (0°, 10°, 21°, respectively). Width of caudal 5 across transverse processes is 113 mm. B–D. Ulnae of stegosaur Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig, 1915 from the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, in anterior (B1–D1) and lateral (B2–D2) views. Right (B, field number St [unknown]) and left (C, field number St 113) ulnae, both part of GPIT 1424 (mounted skeleton). D. Left ulna (part of skeletal mount in MFN) MB.R.4800.33 (length 306 mm) shows cartilage preservation on the distal and especially proximal end, preserving a large olceranon process.

Fig. 6 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 6. Range of motion of the hind limb of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 using the digital skeleton mount of GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany. A–H. Left pes in left to right: flexion, probable standing pose, extension, in lateral (A), medial (B), oblique (C–F), plantar (G), and dorsal (H) views. Length of metatarsal III 231 mm. I–K. Pelvis and left hind limb, in lateral (I, J) and anterior (K) views. I, K, probable standing (blue) and minimally possible flexion (resting) pose; J, maximum femur protraction and retraction angles for locomotion, resulting stride length 1.34 m. L. Left hind limb showing knee range of motion. Crus positions left to right: maximal extension, maximum flexion under large loads, maximum flexion for resting. M. Crus in lateral view, showing maximum ankle flexion and extension under load. Length of fibula 463 mm.

Fig. 2 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 2. Skeletal reconstructions of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837, redrawn from: A. Paul (1987, 2000). B. Wellnhofer (1994). C. Jaekel (1913–1914). D. Huene (1926). E. Galton (1990). F. Weishampel and Westphal (1986). G. Scott Hartmann. (www.skeletaldrawing.com). Typical femur length of Plateosaurus is 0.6 to 0.8 m.

Fig. 5 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 5. Range of motion of the fore limb of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 using the digital skeleton mount of GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany. A–E. Left scapula and fore limb in anterior (A), anterolateral (B), anteromedial (C), lateral (D), and dorsal (E) views. Equal colors are identical positions. B is parallel, C is perpendicular to the main axis (flexion/extension) of the glenoid. Length of humerus 350 mm. Dashed line(s) refer to: body midline (A), orthogonal to scapula blade long axis (B), body midline and main axis of glenoid (C). Red numbers in B refer to elbow, black to humerus flexion/extension. Numbers in C refer to humerus abduction/adduction versus the vertical. F. Left radius and ulna in articulation in (top row) proximolateral, medial view, (bottom row) distal and lateral views. Length of ulna 237 mm. G. Radius and ulna in proximal view. Dotted line indicates main joint axis of elbow. Circle and lines show method for determination of theoretical maximal pronation angle. H–M. Left manus. H, I. Left to right: flexion, neutral position and extension in dorsal (H) and palmar (I) views. Digit IV duplicated in neutral position views to show lateromedial deviation range. J–M. Oblique views of flexion (J, K) and extension (L, M). Length of metacarpal III 97 mm.

Fig. 9 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 9. Digital skeleton mount of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany. A. Anterior view of the pectoral girdle and forelimbs posed to conform to the life−sized, bipedal SMNS model (Fig. 1J) of Plateosaurus engelhardti. Dotted line indicates body outline of the model. Note gaps in elbows and wrists and too large gap between coracoids (arrows). B. Anterior view of the pelvic girdle posed to conform to the life−sized, bipedal SMNS model (Fig. 1J). Note gaps in the pelvis between sacrum and ilia, and between ilia and pubes (arrows). C. Virtual skeleton posed to conform to the toy model version (Fig. 1L) of the new SMNS quadrupedal model (Fig. 1K, L) of Plateosaurus engelhardti. Dotted line indicates body outline of the model. Arrows mark skeleton's (upper) and model's (lower arrow) knee joint. Note gaps in forelimbs and posterior ribs extending below the pubes. Length of the femur 595 mm, length of the ulna 239 mm.

Fig. 4 in International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife Outbreak of parasite-induced limb malformations in a declining amphibian species in Colorado

Fig. 4. (A) Excysted metacercaria of Ribeiroia ondatrae from an infected frog; (B) Rams horn snails (Helisoma trivolvis) function as first intermediate hosts for multiple trematode species, including Ribeiroia ondatrae. Several of these snails have egg masses on their shells, which can be common in the spring.

Fig. 3 in International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife Outbreak of parasite-induced limb malformations in a declining amphibian species in Colorado

Fig. 3. Whole-body ventrodorsal Micro-CT scans of three leopard frogs from SBN illustrating malformations caused by the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae. Panels A–C present 3D reconstructions of the skeletons (ventral view) of each of the living frogs in the corresponding lower panels (D–F). For each, obviously abnormal portions of the skeleton are colored in red while supernumerary limb elements are colored in teal. (A) Frog with a severely rotated ilium on the left axis, a thickened femur, thickened tibiofibula (calcaneum) with a bony triangle, an extra bone at the base of the ischium, a supernumerary left hindlimb (polymelia) with a bony triangle in the tibiofibular; the right leg is missing all metatarsals and phalanges. (B) Frog with polymelia of the left leg, with two supernumerary femurs and two unidentified supernumerary bones near the ischium; both primary hind limbs appear to have reductions of the metatarsals and phalanges. (C) Frog with an extremely thickened femur (possibly fusion of multiple femurs) in the left hind limb, a double bony triangle in the tibiofibula, and an extra bone caudal to the ilium.

Fig. 1 in International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife Outbreak of parasite-induced limb malformations in a declining amphibian species in Colorado

Fig. 1. (A) Spring Brook North (SBN) Pond is located in southern Boulder County near Eldorado Springs, Colorado, USA. (B) Image of the pond in spring. (C) Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) use the pond as breeding habitat (image copyright David Herasimtschuk).

Fig. 2 in International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife Outbreak of parasite-induced limb malformations in a declining amphibian species in Colorado

Fig. 2. Limb malformations in leopard frogs from this study include (A–D) skin webbings, which can affect one (A–B) or both (C–D) hind limbs; (E–H) bony triangles, which entail a triangular folding in a longbone and an associated shortening of the limb; and (H–K) extra limbs, feet, and digits, which were typically ventral. Frog in (H) exhibits a double bony triangle and severe truncation in the limb with a duplicated foot. Many animals exhibited multiple malformations and severe structural limb deformities, such as (L).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2017View details →

FIGURE 7. Crocuta spelaea hind limb remains from Los Aprendices. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 7. Crocuta spelaea hind limb remains from Los Aprendices. 1, right femur in caudal view (MPZ 2014/587). 2, left tibia in cranial view (MPZ 2014/681). 3, right tibia in cranial view (MPZ 2014/671). 4, left calcaneus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/677). 5, right calcaneus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/632). 6, left astragalus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/682). 7, left navicular in lateral view (MPZ 2014/625). 8, right cuboid in proximal view (MPZ 2014/ 623). 9, left cuboid in proximal view (MPZ 2014/ 629). 10, left first cuneiform in proximal view (MPZ 2014/62). 11-14, first phalanx in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/579, 580, 620, 624). 15, right Mtt V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/636). 16, right Mtt IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/635). 17, right Mtt III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/634). 18, right Mtt II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/633). 19, left Mtt II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/642). 20, left Mtt III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/643). 21, left Mtt IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/ 644). 22, left Mtt V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/645).

Fig. 1 in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 1. Comparison of os calcaris in a Recent monotreme and a Cretaceous multituberculate. A. The left tarsus of monotreme Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799), ZMO 11793, an adult male, showing the well−preserved venomous cornu calcaris facing medially. B. Proximal part of the left tarsus of Catopsbaatar catopsaloides (Kielan−Jaworowska, 1974), showing os calcaris in proximal view. PM 120/107, Late Cretaceous red beds of Hermiin Tsav, (?late Campanian), Hermiin Tsav I, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Note the roughly triangular shape of os calcaris in C. catopsaloides and its undulating surface, indicating the presence of cornu calcaris upon it.

Fig. 5 in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 5. Diagrammatical drawings of two skeletons of Mesozoic mammals from lacustrine sediments, re−drawn and simplified from the published drawings. Limb bones are shaded in grey. The arrow points to os calcaris. Both skeletons show sprawling posture. They are preserved dorso−ventrally compressed and exposed in ventral views, showing abducted limbs (as those in Jehol Biota, illustrated in Fig. 4A–F). A. Castorocauda lutrasimilis Ji Q., Luo, Yuan, and Tabrum, 2006, a Middle Jurassic docodontan from north−west China, in ventral view, based on Ji Q. et al. (2006: fig. 1b). B. Henkelotherium guimarotae Krebs, 1991, a "eupantotherian" from the Kimmeridgian of Portugal, in ventral view, based on Henkel and Krebs (1977). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3. A in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 3. A comparison of the state of preservation of the skeletons of two Early Cretaceous mammals from the Yixian Formation of Jehol Biota in China (A, B), and an Eocene eutherian mammal from Messel in Germany (C), all preserved in lacustrine sediments. A. "Symmetrodontan" Zhangheotherium quinquecuspidens Hu, Wang Y.−Q., Luo, and Li Ch.−K., 1997 (cast of IVPP V7466). B. Early eutherian Eomaia scansoria Ji Q., Luo, Yuan, Wible, Hang, and Georgi, 2002. (CAGS 01−IG−1). C. Amphilemurine insectivore Macrocranion tupaiodon Weitzel, 1949 (PMO 207.791). Eomaia and Macrocranion are eutherians with parasagittal limbs and are preserved lying on their sides, Zhangheotherium belongs to "symmetrodontans" with sprawling limbs and has been preserved in a position characteristic of animals with sprawling posture, lying on its back. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 2. Reconstruction of the posture of the Late Cretaceous multituberculate Catopsbaatar catopsaloides (Kielan−Jaworowska, 1974) from the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, as a plantigrade mammal with sprawling limbs. Skull length is about 60 mm. The size of the spur has been reconstructed based on the length of the male spur in Ornithorhynchus in comparison to the length of the foot. The animal is reconstructed in aggressive position, ready for attack, with mobile spurs projecting medially. (Artwork by Bogusław Waksmundzki.)

Fig. 23 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis

Fig. 23. Cluster analyses of 98 variables measured on leporid hind limb. Cluster for os coxae (A), femur (B), tibia (C), calcaneus (D), talus (E), metatarsals (F), pes, tarsus excluded (G) and general cluster for all variables used in the analyses (H). Species abbreviations: Hber, Hypolagus beremendensis; Ocun, Oryctolagus cuniculus; Pfur, Pentalagus furnessi; Sflo, Sylvilagus floridanus; Leur, Lepus europaeus.

Fig. 12 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis

Fig. 12. Morphology of right calcaneus of Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930), ISEZ MF/2220/ca/77, Węże 1, Pliocene, Poland, in medial (A), dorsal (B), and lateral (C) views, and explanatory drawings highlighting articular surfaces (A2, B2, C2).

Fig. 16 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis

Fig. 16. Box plots of cuboidal indices. Median, range and 50%−segment of values are given. Values above the 90th and below the 10th percentile are plotted as points. Species abbreviations: Hber, Hypolagus beremendensis; Ocun, Oryctolagus cuniculus; Pfur, Pentalagus furnessi; Sflo, Sylvilagus floridanus; Leur, Lepus europaeus.

Fig. 13 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis

Fig. 13. Morphology of left naviculare of Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930), ISEZ MF/2224/na/2, Rębielice Królewskie 1, late Pliocene, Poland, in dorsal (A), plantar (B), lateral (C), medial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views, and explanatory drawings with articular surfaces marked (A2–F2).

Fig. 10 in The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis

Fig. 10. Morphology of left talus of Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930), ISEZ MF/2224/ta/12, Rębielice Królewskie 1, late Pliocene, Poland, in dorsal (A), plantar (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views, and explanatory drawings with articular surfaces marked (A2–D2).