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Figure 3 in Green, charismatic, microendemic, and threatened: breeding biology of the leaf frog Pithecopus rusticus (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae)

Figure 3. Rose diagram representing the circannual distribution of Pithecopus rusticus abundance recorded in two ponds and one marsh in the breeding seasons of 2015/16 (A) and 2017/18 (B), in the municipality of Água Doce, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The angles represent the months (1 month = 30°), the mean angle and the circular standard deviation are shown in red, and the frequency of occurrence at each angle is represented in grey. Illustrative images of calling male, ovulating females and spawning are include in the diagram.

Figure 1 in Green, charismatic, microendemic, and threatened: breeding biology of the leaf frog Pithecopus rusticus (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae)

Figure 1. Study area of the natural history of Pithecopus rusticus, in the municipality of Água Doce, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil.

Figure 2 in Green, charismatic, microendemic, and threatened: breeding biology of the leaf frog Pithecopus rusticus (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae)

Figure 2. Number of recaptures of each individual in the breeding seasons of 2015/16 (A) and 2017/18 (B) in the municipality of Água Doce, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil.

Figure 6 in Green, charismatic, microendemic, and threatened: breeding biology of the leaf frog Pithecopus rusticus (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae)

Figure 6. Pithecopus rusticus pairs in amplexus (A) and spawning in Senecio leaf (B). Photos: VIMB (A) and JPB (B).

FIGURE 8 in Liolaemus duellmani Cei, 1978 (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemini), redescription of the holotype and variation in a microendemic and inadequately known species of Liolaemus from Northwestern Patagonia

FIGURE 8. Type locality of Liolaemus duellmani in Paso del Choique, Mendoza province, Malargüe department, Argentina. Upper: general view of the area. Below: microhabitat close view at site.

FIGURE 7 in Liolaemus duellmani Cei, 1978 (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemini), redescription of the holotype and variation in a microendemic and inadequately known species of Liolaemus from Northwestern Patagonia

FIGURE 7. Map of southern Mendoza province showing main orographic landmarks and National Road 40, main connector in the region. Liolaemus duellmani localities are marked by red circles. Small black rectangle in the inset mark the region in South America.

FIGURE 6 in Liolaemus duellmani Cei, 1978 (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemini), redescription of the holotype and variation in a microendemic and inadequately known species of Liolaemus from Northwestern Patagonia

FIGURE 6. Dorsal and ventral view of the four specimens of Liolaemus duellmani in the SDSU collection (now in MVZ).

FIGURE 5 in Liolaemus duellmani Cei, 1978 (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemini), redescription of the holotype and variation in a microendemic and inadequately known species of Liolaemus from Northwestern Patagonia

FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral view of sex females of of Liolaemus duellmani the LJAMM-CNP collection.

FIGURE 4 in Liolaemus duellmani Cei, 1978 (Reptilia: Squamata: Liolaemini), redescription of the holotype and variation in a microendemic and inadequately known species of Liolaemus from Northwestern Patagonia

FIGURE 4. Dorsal and ventral view of three males of of Liolaemus duellmani the LJAMM-CNP collection.

Figure 3 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships among species of the Brookesia minima group based on nuclear and concatenated DNA sequences. Phylograms (50% majority rule consensus trees) from Bayesian inference analyses of DNA sequence alignments of (a) the nuclear genes CMOS (846 bp) and (b) RAG1 (1522 bp). (c) Phylogram from BI analysis of concatenated DNA sequences of the nuclear genes CMOS (846 bp) and RAG1 (1522 bp), and the mitochondrial genes ND2 (568 bp) and 16S (580 bp). (d) Brookesia portion of the Bayesian chronogram derived from the BEAST analyses of all four concatenated genes (see Supporting Information S1 for full chronogram with all outgroups). Posterior probabilities are indicated above branches, and bars represent 95% HPDs for mean date estimates. Units on scale are millions of years. Species of the northern clade (B. tuberculata plus the four new species described herein) are marked in colour. The trees were rooted with Brookesia nasus, and including B. brygooi and B. superciliaris as hierarchical outgroups (not shown). A, B and C refer to major clades as discussed in the text. Asterisks denote posterior probabilities of 1.0. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g003

Figure 10 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 10. Adult specimens of newly described species in life. (A) male and (B) female of Brookesia tristis from Montagne des Français; (C) male and (D) female of Brookesia confidens from Ankarana; (E) male and (F) female of Brookesia micra from Nosy Hara; (G) male and (H) female Brookesia desperata from Forêt d'Ambre. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g010

Figure 1 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 1. Map of northern Madagascar showing distribution of species of the Brookesia minima group. Type localities in bold, B. dentata, B. exarmata, B. karchei, B. peyrierasi, and B. ramanantsoai not included, because their ranges are located further south; see inset maps in Fig. 2. Orange (dry forest) and green (rainforest) show remaining primary vegetation in 2003–2006, modified from the Madagascar Vegetation Mapping Project (http://www.vegmad.org). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g001

Figure 6 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 6. Hemipenes of species in the Brookesia minima group. The photos show for each species, a general view of the organs and a close-up. For B. desperata, the inset picture shows a non-turgid everted hemipenis where the two apex projections are very prominent. Note that also several other of the shown preparations are not fully turgid, especially in B. ramanantsoai and B. micra. In two other species (B. confidens and B. tristis) the shown hemipenes might not be fully everted. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g006

Figure 4 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 4. Morphometric differentiation among species of the Brookesia minima group. The two left graphs are scatterplots of the first two factors of Principal Component Analyses of (a) male and (b) female specimens of the Brookesia minima group based on measurements in Tables 1 and 2, Supporting Information S1 and [5]. Note that Factor 1 is mostly influenced by the size of specimens (see Table 5). The graphs on the right (c–d) are univariate scatterplots of selected measurements and morphometric ratios of male specimens of species in the Brookesia minima group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g004

Figure 5 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 5. Morphometric differentiation among sexes in species of the Brookesia minima group. Scatterplot of tail length vs. snoutvent length in male and female specimens of the Brookesia minima group, showing larger body sizes in females and a weak trend towards relatively longer tails in males. Based on measurements in Tables 1 and 2, Supporting Information S1 and [5]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g005

Figure 9 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 9. Life history and morphology of Brookesia desperata. (A) Female (displaying stress colouration) with two recently laid eggs. (B) Figure showing well-developed pelvic spine (1) and lateral spines on tail (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g009

Figure 8 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 8. Brookesia micra sp. n. from Nosy Hara, northern Madagascar. (A) adult male on black background, showing orange tail colouration; (B) juvenile on finger tip; (C) juvenile on head of a match; (D) habitat along a small creek on western flank of Nosy Hara, where part of the type series was collected. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g008

Figure 7 in Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar

Figure 7. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of preserved male holotypes of newly described species. Scale bar equals 5 mm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314.g007

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FIGURE 14 in Five new, microendemic Asian Leaf-litter Frogs (Leptolalax) from the southern Annamite mountains, Vietnam

FIGURE 14. Leptolalax tadungensis sp. nov. in life (A) topotypic male (B) male paratype UNS 00515 (note the black supratympanic fold and upper tympanum).