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80 results for “milkweed”
Milkweed plants bought at nurseries may expose monarch caterpillars to harmful pesticide residues
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Data from: Decline in milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) populations in central New Jersey over a one year period
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Data from: Transcriptional profile and differential fitness in a specialist milkweed insect across host plants varying in toxicity
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Data from: Monarch butterfly and milkweed declines substantially predate the use of genetically modified crops
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Data from: Evolution of shade tolerance is associated with attenuation of shade avoidance and reduced phenotypic plasticity in North American milkweeds
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Chemical profiling of milkweed and monarch butterfly wing extracts via mass spectrometry
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Data from: Population growth and sequestration of plant toxins along a gradient of specialization in four aphid species on the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Dietary specialization in insect herbivores has long been hypothesized to predict tolerance of plant defences, with more specialized herbivores being highly tolerant of and sometimes sequestering plant secondary compounds. Plant variation in secondary compounds should thus play an important and predictable role in shaping the performance and distribution of insect communities. We compared the performance of four naturally co-occurring aphid species on twenty genotypes of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca. Genotypes of milkweed consistently differed in functional traits, including concentrations of toxic cardenolides, while the diet breadths of the four aphids ranged from broadly generalized to monophagous. The two more generalized species had the highest population growth rate overall, while growth rates decreased with increasing specialization. In contrast, honeydew exudation as a measure of phloem consumption increased with specialization; thus, resource-use efficiency was lower in specialist aphids. The two more generalized aphids grew best on genotypes with the highest plant growth rate (as an approximation for resource availability), while specialist aphids were not affected by plant growth. All four species contained apolar cardenolides in their bodies and excreted polar cardenolides, but only the most specialized aphid Myzocallis asclepiadis was negatively affected by increasing cardenolide concentrations of the host plant. Sequestration of cardenolides increased with diet specialization, with M. asclepiadis accumulating twice as much as any other species, perhaps explaining its susceptibility to plant cardenolides. Heritable plant traits differentially impacted co-occurring insect herbivores within the same guild. Generalist aphids were susceptible to variation in plant vigour but not defensive compounds. Increased host specialization resulted in lower resource-use efficiency, increased phloem throughput and ultimately higher cardenolide sequestration. Variation in these traits is thus likely to determine the relative distribution of generalist and specialist herbivores on plants in natural communities.
Data from: What doesn't kill you makes you stronger: the burdens and benefits of toxin sequestration in a milkweed aphid
1. Specialized insect herbivores commonly co-opt plant defences for protection against predators, but the costs, benefits, and mechanisms of sequestration are poorly understood. 2. We quantified sequestration of toxic cardenolides by the specialist aphid Aphis nerii when reared on four closely related milkweed (Asclepias) species with >20-fold variation in cardenolide content, and in the presence or absence of ladybug predators. 3. Increasing concentrations of apolar plant cardenolides increased sequestered amounts in aphids. High concentrations in plants impaired aphid population growth, but also reduced the top-down effects of predators. All aphids accumulated two cardenolides not present in their host plant, even on plants with very low foliar cardenolide concentrations. 4. An in vitro enzymatic assay of total cardenolides in aphid bodies using the cardenolides' target (animal Na+/K+-ATPase) revealed that the subset of sequestered cardenolides is disproportionally more toxic than cardenolides in leaves. 5. Sequestration of cardenolides by Aphis nerii thus involves the accumulation of modified plant cardenolides, as well as the concentration-dependent passive uptake of more potent apolar plant cardenolides. Host plant choice by the aphid is thus subject to conflicting demands of higher growth performance versus superior defence against predators.
Data for Native mycorrhizal fungi improve milkweed growth, latex, and establishment while some commercial fungi may inhibit them
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that can facilitate plant growth and influence plant communities by altering plant interactions with herbivores. Therefore, AM fungi could be critical for the conservation of certain rare plants and herbivores. For example, North American milkweed species are crucial hosts for monarch butterflies (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>). Understanding how mycorrhizal composition affects milkweeds will have direct impacts on the conservation and restoration of both increasingly threatened guilds.</p> <p>We present data from three studies on the effect of AM fungal composition on milkweed growth, latex production and establishment. First, we grew 7 milkweed species with and without a mixture of native mycorrhizal fungi. We assessed how important fungal composition is to milkweed growth and latex production by growing 4 milkweed species with 7 fungal compositions, as single species inoculations with 4 native fungi, a mixture of native fungi, a single commercial fungus of presumably non-native origin and non-inoculated controls. Finally, we assessed field establishment of two milkweed species with and without native mycorrhizal inoculation.</p> <p>Milkweed species grew 98% larger and produced 82% more latex after inoculation with native mycorrhizae. Milkweeds were strongly affected by fungal composition; milkweeds were inhibited by commercial fungi (average -14% growth) and showed variable but positive responses to native fungal species (average of +3% to +38% biomass). Finally, we found that restoration establishment was dependent on inoculation with native fungi and milkweed species. Overall, our findings indicate that some milkweed species (i.e. A. <i>syriaca</i> and <i>A. incarnata</i>) are not responsive to mycorrhizal fungal presence or sensitive to mycorrhizal composition while others are, including endangered species (<i>A. meadii</i>) and species of high conservation value (<i>A. tuberosa</i>). We conclude that reintroduction of native AM fungi could improve the establishment of desirable milkweed species and should be considered within strategies for plantings for monarch conservation.</p>
Linked collectors and determiners for: UVM Milkweed Pollinator Project.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "UVM Milkweed Pollinator Project". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/026508fe-4d89-48c9-91e3-ea9ae5baa484">https://bionomia.net/dataset/026508fe-4d89-48c9-91e3-ea9ae5baa484</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/026508fe-4d89-48c9-91e3-ea9ae5baa484">https://gbif.org/dataset/026508fe-4d89-48c9-91e3-ea9ae5baa484</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data from: Milkweed butterfly resistance to plant toxins is linked to sequestration, not coping with a toxic diet
Insect resistance to plant toxins is widely assumed to have evolved in response to using defended plants as a dietary resource. We tested this hypothesis in the milkweed butterflies (Danaini) which have progressively evolved higher levels of resistance to cardenolide toxins based on amino acid substitutions of their cellular sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase). Using chemical, physiological, and caterpillar growth assays on diverse milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and isolated cardenolides, we show that resistant Na+/K+-ATPases are not necessary to cope with dietary cardenolides. In contrast, sequestration of cardenolides in the body (as a defense against predators) is associated with the three levels of Na+/K+-ATPase resistance. To estimate the potential physiological burden of cardenolide sequestration without Na+/K+-ATPase adaptations, we applied haemolymph of sequestering species on isolated Na+/K+-ATPase of sequestering and nonsequestering species. Haemolymph cardenolides dramatically impair non-adapted Na+/K+-ATPase, but had systematically reduced effects on Na+/K+-ATPase of sequestering species. Our data indicate that major adaptations to plant toxins may be evolutionarily linked to sequestration, and may not necessarily be a means to eat toxic plants. Na+/K+-ATPase adaptations thus were a potential mechanism through which predators spurred the coevolutionary arms race between plants and insects.
Data for "Urbanization and a green corridor do not impact genetic divergence in common milkweed"
<p>This data for "Urbanization and a green corridor do not impact genetic divergence in common milkweed", a publication in preparation for submission (2/7/2023)</p>
Data from: Na+/K+-ATPase resistance and cardenolide sequestration: basal adaptations to host plant toxins in the milkweed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Lygaeinae)
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Data from: What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger: the burdens and benefits of toxin sequestration in a milkweed aphid
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Data from: Population growth and sequestration of plant toxins along a gradient of specialization in four aphid species on the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
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Data from: Milkweed butterfly resistance to plant toxins is linked to sequestration, not coping with a toxic diet
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Data from: Evolution of specialization: a phylogenetic study of host range in the red milkweed beetle (Tetraopes tetraophthalmus)
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Data for Native mycorrhizal fungi improve milkweed growth, latex, and establishment while some commercial fungi may inhibit them
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Data from: Aboveground herbivory by red milkweed beetles facilitates above- and below-ground conspecific insects and reduces fruit production in common milkweed
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Data from: Stepwise evolution of resistance to toxic cardenolides via genetic substitutions in the Na+/K+-ATPase of milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaini)
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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