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131 results for “molting”
Data from: Pre-basic molt, feather quality and modulation of the adrenocortical response to stress in two populations of Rufous-collared sparrows, Zonotrichia capensis
Molt is an energetically expensive process in which birds may allocate 25% or more of their body protein mass to the production of new feathers. Stressful events can interfere with feather growth via the adrenal hormone corticosterone, which is released in response to environmental stress. Corticosterone release, in turn, regulates gluconeogenesis which could directly inhibit protein synthesis and deposition during molt when feathers are growing, which potentially could reduce feather quality dramatically. Thus, many species suppress the adrenocortical stress response, and therefore maintain lower corticosterone levels during molt. In this study we assessed the relationship between plasma corticosterone levels and feather quality in rufous-collared sparrow inhabiting the valleys of the Atacama Desert – one of the most stable and aseasonal environments in the world, and in the semiarid and seasonal Fray Jorge National Park in the north of Chile. We tested two hypotheses; i) feather quality is positively related to the amount of corticosterone suppression during molt, relative to corticosterone levels during other life history stages; and, ii) feather quality is negatively related to the absolute levels of corticosterone. We found negative associations between corticosterone levels and feather quality. However, these effects were stronger in the Atacama Desert where birds showed minimal corticosterone suppression and overall low feather quality. Although we found better feather quality in Fray Jorge, corticosterone suppression in these birds was relatively low in comparison with other species inhabiting higher latitudes. It is possible that birds in a highly variable environment face a stronger trade-off between feather quality and the stress-response. Our results suggest that the strength of the trade-off between feather quality and corticosterone levels could be dependent on energetic demands, seasonality, and unpredictable events.
Data from: Age-dependent modulation of songbird summer feather molt by temporal and functional constraints
Time constraints influence various ecological, life-history, and demographic properties of individuals and populations of many species throughout the annual cycle. Feather molt is a timely undertaking that is considered among the three most energy-demanding processes in the life cycle of birds. To deal with time pressure, passerines may shorten their molt duration, using three non–mutually exclusive mechanisms: (1) replacing only part of the plumage, (2) increasing the speed of molt, and (3) postponing the renewal of some or all the plumage to a later season (i.e., from the summer to the overwintering period). We used a comparative approach by measuring 12,349 individuals from 134 passerine species to explore how feather molt of juvenile and adult passerines is evolutionarily modulated under time constraints. The results indicate that breeding at northern latitudes and long-distance migration limit the time available for molt and that the consequences of time constraints were age dependent. While the duration of adult summer molt decreased, the extent, rather than the duration, of juvenile molt declined under time constraints. This study highlights the importance of considering time constraints in order to enhance the understanding of selective forces that shape life-history processes and their consequences throughout the annual routine.
Characterization of Molting Process during the Different De-velopmental Stages of the Diamondback Moth Plutella xy-lostella
<p><strong>Supplementary Materials: </strong> Figure S1: The pre-ecdysis behavior of the larval-larval ecdysis of <em>P. xylostella</em> larva; Figure S2: The “peeled” prepupa of <em>P. xylostella</em> and the “eclosion hole” of on <em>P. xylostella</em> cocoon; Video S1: The hatching process of <em>P. xylostella</em> ; Video S2: The pre-ecdysis I behavior of larval-larval ecdysis of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S3: The pre-ecdysis II behavior of larval-larval ecdysis of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S4: The ecdysis behavior of larval-larval ecdysis of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S5: The cocooning behavior of larval-pupal metamorphosis of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S6: The pre-ecdysis I behavior of larval-pupal metamorphosis of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S7: The pre-ecdysis II behavior of larval-pupal metamorphosis of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S8: The ecdysis behavior of larval-pupal metamorphosis of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S9: The pre-eclosion behavior of <em>P. xylostella</em> pupa; Video S10: The intersegmental membrane of the abdomen of <em>P. xylostella</em> pupa inflates before eclosion; Video S11: The eclosion behavior of <em>P. xylostella</em>; Video S12: The stage II of the post-eclosion behavior of <em>P. xylostella</em> adult; Video S13: The stage III of the post-eclosion behavior of <em>P. xylostella</em> adult; Video S14: The stage IV of the post-eclosion behavior of <em>P. xylostella</em> adult.</p>
Figure 3 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 3 - Individual changes in color in the final surviving azure sand grasshoppers when kept on bluish-gray stones (blue lines, N = 2) or reddish-brown soil (red lines, N = 3). The comparison is between the same individuals at the beginning of the experiment and once frozen and cleaned at the end. Color is expressed in the three independent dimensions of the CIE-L*a*b* space (see text).
Figure 2 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 2 - Average changes in color over time (days since the start of each treatment) for adult azure sand grasshoppers kept on bluish-gray stones (blue symbols and lines) or reddish-brown soil (red symbols and lines). Color is expressed in the three independent dimensions of the CIE-L*a*b* space (see text). Lines show the predicted values for each CIE-L*a*b dimension according to a fitted model containing Time, Substrate, Sex, Time:Substrate and sqTime; we excluded the subject random effect for better visualization. Continuous lines and circles are for females while dashed lines and triangles are for males. The "Red Earth" treatment had to be restarted using grasshoppers from the same field location but captured later in time. As a result, the timing of data collection is out of phase between treatments, and L is initially slightly lower for "Red Earth" individuals (since the species gets darker with age).
Figure 1 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 1 - Example of an image taken for color measurement. The individual was held in place by the transparent plastic lid of the Petri dish to obtain a correct position. Brightness and hue were measured in the red diamond-shaped part of the thorax. The color of a small area of the background paper was also measured (red circle) as a reference gray standard to correct for lighting variation among images.
Figure 4 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 4 - Change in color over time for two example individuals. From left to right: at the start of the experiment, 7 weeks later, and after freezing and cleaning at the end of the experiment. Individual a. was kept on blue-gray substrate and individual b. was kept on reddish-brown substrate. For visualization, the bars under the images show the average dorsal color as captured by the CIE-L*a*b* values measured for each individual at each point in time.
Figure 2 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285
Figure 2 - Sternal CaCO3 deposits in Titanethes albus. A individual in early premolt with sternal deposits on anterior four pereionites. Deposits are bipartite with a larger anterior part (an) and a smaller posterior part (po). Round fenestrations (arrowheads) perforate the deposits. B individual in late premolt with fully developed sternal deposits. The anterior and posterior part on each segment are fused and the deposits have a uniform shape. C scanning electron micrograph of spherules forming the sternal deposits in late premolt. D scanning electron micrograph of a cleaved sternal deposit (d) in late premolt. Spherules are proximally more loosely arranged. p1 pereionite 1, p2 pereionite 2, p3 pereionite 3, p4 pereionite 4, oc old cuticle.
Figure 3 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285
Figure 3 - Ultrastructure of anterior tergites in early premolt. A apolysis. The apical surface of the epidermal cell (e) is detached from the old cuticle (oc), but the ecdysial space is narrow. The apical plasma membrane of epidermal cells forms short protrusions (p) with electron dense tips. B the ecdysial space in early premolt. A sheet of fibrous and granular material (s) is located in the distal part of the ecdysial space (es). C section through the apical surface of an epidermal cell (e) in early premolt. Gaps (arrowheads) are present in the newly formed epicuticle (ep) that is formed over short protrusions (p) of the apical plasma membrane. A developing epicuticular scale (sc) is visible. D oblique section through the apical surface of an epidermal cell in early premolt. Gaps (arrowheads) in the newly deposited epicuticle (ep) appear to be perforations. E the epidermis in early premolt. Epidermal cells (e) contain numerous mitochondria (m) and a well developed RER (r). Scales (sc) are forming around elongated projections of the apical plasma membrane (cp).
Figure 4 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285
Figure 4 - Ultrastructure of anterior tergites in late premolt and intramolt. A early stage of exocuticle formation. The distal dense layer (dl) is deposited. The apical plasma membrane of epidermal cells forms finger-like extensions (fe). The Golgi apparatus (g) is well developed. B anterior tergite in late premolt. Several lamellae of the new exocuticle (ex) are deposited. Epidermal cells contain a well developed RER (r), numerous mitochondria (m) and small electron dense vesicles (sv) in their apical cytoplasm. The epicuticle (ep) with scales (sc) is fully formed. C the apical plasma membrane of an epidermal cell in late premolt forms numerous invaginations (arrow). Cytoplasmic extensions reach into pore canals (pc). D anterior tergite in intramolt. The new exocuticle is almost fully deposited. The apical cytoplasm of epidermal cells contains electron dense vesicles (sv), numerous mitochondria (m) and a well developed RER (r). Long cytoplasmic extensions reach into pore canals (pc). H oblique section through the apical surface of an epidermal cell in intramolt. Pore canals (pc) in the new cuticle contain cytoplasmic extensions of epidermal cells. Numerous short protrusions (p) of the apical plasma membrane with dense tips are visible. es ecdysial space. nu nucleus.
Figure 5 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285
Figure 5 - Cellular extensions and tubules in the ecdysial space. A oblique semithin section through the dorsal surface of an anterior tergite in intramolt. A bundle of tubules (arrowhead) on the surface of the new exocuticle (ex) is seen in cross-section. B electron micrograph of a bundle of tubules (tu). Proximally, the tubules are very densely arranged and they dissociate distally. A cellular extension (ce) within an electron dense sheath is located at the center of the bundle. C cross-section through a bundle of tubules. The cellular extension (ce) at the center of the bundle contains microtubules. Dense material (dm) surrounds the extension. D oblique section through the base of a bundle in intramolt. A pore (po) in the new cuticle is located beneath the bundle. Tubules (tu) protrude from the surface of the epicuticle (ep). E longitudinal section through a pore beneath a bundle of tubules. The pore contains a cellular extension (ce). F section though the epidermis beneath a bundle of tubules. A cellular extension (ce), enclosed in a sheath, is located in an invagination of an epidermal cell (e). G section through the cellular extension at the level of the epidermis. Vesicles (v) are present in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cell and are fused with the plasma membrane in proximity of the cellular extension. es ecdysial space, sc scale
Figure 6 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285
Figure 6 - A schematic representation of cellular extensions associated with tubular bundles in the ecdysial space. A bundle of tubules (tu) surrounds a cellular extension (ce) that reaches into the ecdysial space (es). The cellular extension is enclosed in an electron dense sheath (sh). At the level of the epidermis, the cellular extension is surrounded by an enveloping epidermal cell (en). b basal lamina, d epicuticular thickening, ep new epicuticle, ex new exocuticle, m mitochondrion, n nucleus, oc old cuticle, pl plasma membrane of the enveloping epidermal cell, r RER.
Figure 7 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285
Figure 7 - Ultrastructure of anterior tergites in postmolt. A anterior tergite shortly after molt. First lamellae of the endocuticle (en) are deposited proximally to the exocuticle (ex). Pore canals (pc) appear electron lucent. The apical plasma membrane of epidermal cells (e) forms finger-like extensions (fe). B apical region of an epidermal cell in postmolt. The epidermal cell (e) contains a well developed RER (r). The apical plasma membrane forms short protrusions (p) with dense tips. Several lamellae of the endocuticle (en) are deposited. C bundle of tubules (tu) protruding from the epicuticle (ep) of a tergite in postmolt. The center of the bundle (c) is electron lucent. D section through a pore (po) in the exocuticle beneath a bundle of tubules in postmolt. The lumen of the pore is electron dense. E The epicuticle (ep), exocuticle (ex) and endocuticle (en) in intermolt. b bacterium, m mitochondrion, sc scale.
Figure 2 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 2 - Average changes in color over time (days since the start of each treatment) for adult azure sand grasshoppers kept on bluish-gray stones (blue symbols and lines) or reddish-brown soil (red symbols and lines). Color is expressed in the three independent dimensions of the CIE-L*a*b* space (see text). Lines show the predicted values for each CIE-L*a*b dimension according to a fitted model containing Time, Substrate, Sex, Time:Substrate and sqTime; we excluded the subject random effect for better visualization. Continuous lines and circles are for females while dashed lines and triangles are for males. The "Red Earth" treatment had to be restarted using grasshoppers from the same field location but captured later in time. As a result, the timing of data collection is out of phase between treatments, and L is initially slightly lower for "Red Earth" individuals (since the species gets darker with age).
Figure 4 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 4 - Change in color over time for two example individuals. From left to right: at the start of the experiment, 7 weeks later, and after freezing and cleaning at the end of the experiment. Individual a. was kept on blue-gray substrate and individual b. was kept on reddish-brown substrate. For visualization, the bars under the images show the average dorsal color as captured by the CIE-L*a*b* values measured for each individual at each point in time.
Figure 3 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 3 - Individual changes in color in the final surviving azure sand grasshoppers when kept on bluish-gray stones (blue lines, N = 2) or reddish-brown soil (red lines, N = 3). The comparison is between the same individuals at the beginning of the experiment and once frozen and cleaned at the end. Color is expressed in the three independent dimensions of the CIE-L*a*b* space (see text).
Figure 1 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 1 - Example of an image taken for color measurement. The individual was held in place by the transparent plastic lid of the Petri dish to obtain a correct position. Brightness and hue were measured in the red diamond-shaped part of the thorax. The color of a small area of the background paper was also measured (red circle) as a reference gray standard to correct for lighting variation among images.
Figure 1 from: Vittori M, Kostanjšek R, Žnidaršič N, Strus J (2012) Molting and cuticle deposition in the subterranean trichoniscid Titanethes albus (Crustacea, Isopoda). ZooKeys 176: 23-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2285
Figure 1 - Molting in Titanethes albus. A a diagram of a typical molt cycle. The colored line shows the median observed durations of premolt and postmolt with intermolt. Different colors represent individual stages in the molt cycle. Key processes in each stage (early premolt, late premolt, and postmolt with intermolt) are indicated. Black dots indicate the onset of the longest and shortest observed premolt stages and the end of the longest and shortest observed intermolt stages B Titanethes albus immediately after posterior molt. The posterior half of the body is held upwards while the body is supported solely by the anterior four pairs of pereiopods C the posterior exuviae of Titanethes albus on a rock in Viršnica Cave. li end of longest observed intermolt stage lp onset of longest observed premolt stage si end of shortest observed intermolt stage sp onset of shortest observed premolt stage.
Fig. 2 in Ultrastructure and development of the new stylets inside pre-molting first instar nymphs of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrographs of thin sections in other organs of 1st instar nymphs of D. citri. A & B. The esophagus (A) and tracheal cells (B) of a pre-molting nymph; bl, basal lamina; ep, epithelial cells; nc, new cuticle; nt, new taenidia; nu, nucleus; oc, old cuticle, ot, old taenidia. C. Part of the filter chamber showing the chamber wall (cw), anterior midgut (amg) and posterior midgut (pmg); double arrows indicate closely apposed basal lamina of the anterior and posterior midgut; aml, anterior midgut lumen; mv, microvilli; pml, posterior midgut lumen. D. Bacteriocyte cell in the bacteriome with a large nucleus (nu) and various shaped electron-dense bacterial cells (ed). E. Another part of the bacteriome with 2 types of bacterial cells: electron-dense (ed) and electron-lucent (el).
Figure 5 in Onset and duration of gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) molt in the Wadden Sea, and the role of environmental conditions
Figure 5. The proportion of visible molting seals in late-molt over time for the years between 2004 and 2010. The onset of molt varied per year: the earliest onset in 2009 and the latest onset in 2008. The bubble size indicates the number of animals with an observation quality score of 1 for each survey. The dashed horizontal line shows the 50% level and the vertical bold red and black dashed lines show at what day of the year 50% of the visible molting animals were in late-molt, respectively.
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