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Fig. 5 in The effect of rearing temperature in larval development of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis - Morphological indicators of development

Fig. 5. Body shape (DA applied on un-standardized residuals, N = 287, P <0.001). Discriminant function 2 versus discriminant function 1. Rearing temperature is indicated as black circles (FPT), triangles (MixPT) and black squares (MTP). Means and 95% confidence intervals correspond to FPT (circle), MixPT (triangle), and MTP (square).

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Fig. 3 in The effect of rearing temperature in larval development of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis - Morphological indicators of development

Fig. 3. Total length (A), body weight (B), both in logarithmic scale, and Condition Factor (C) in relation to days post hatching (dph) and water temperature. Female producing temperature (FPT, filled circles and solid line), mixed-sex producing temperature (MixPT, empty circles and long dashed line), and male producing temperature (MPT, triangles and medium size dashed line). Note that when Condition Factor is considered as a function of Total length (D) dispersion diminishes. Lineal regression lines are indicated in order to show the tendency. Regression coefficients and r2 are indicated in Table 3.

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Fig. 2 in Morphological development of Anchoviella vaillanti (Steindachner, 1908) (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) larvae and early juveniles

Fig. 2. Variation of (a) predorsal (PDL) and (b) preanal (PAL) lengths as percentage of standard length (SL) of larvae and juveniles of Anchoviella vaillanti, and (c) mean values for PDL/SL and PAL/SL for larval stages (preflexion, flexion and postflexion) and juveniles. Mean values; box: mean±standard deviation, whisker: minimum-maximum values.

Figure 15 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 15. Comparison of the changes between the larval and adult body plans during larval development. The horizontal axis represents developmental stages (Gosner, 1960). The curves plotted depict structural modifications, and the grey area represents metamorphic events that take place during the metamorphic climax (stages 42–46) for most anurans. The early occurrence of metamorphic events (predisplacement) is observed in the ceratophryine frogs, especially in Lepidobatrachus spp., that have precocious metamorphosis. Delayed metamorphic events take place in the development of Pseudis platensis, a species in which some morphological changes that imply the end of metamorphosis for most anurans have yet to finish.

Figure 13 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 13. Variation in structural changes in some external features. A, dorsal view of Lepidobatrachus llanensis at the end of metamorphosis. A small tail stub is present. B, lateral view of the same specimen in (A) showing the angle of the mouth far beyond the posterior margin of the eye. C, dorsal view of Chacophrys pierottii during metamorphosis. The tail has started to reduce. D, lateral view of the same specimen in (C). The disappearance of the caudal fin is advanced, and the angle of the mouth reaches the posterior margin of the eye. E and F, ventral and lateral views of a Pseudis platensis tadpole at the beginning of metamorphosis. The oral disc and keratinized buccal structures are still present, and the forelimbs have emerged, but the anal tube remains well developed. G and H, ventral and lateral views of a P. platensis tadpole during metamorphosis. Larval mouthparts have disappeared; tail regression has started with the reduction of the fins, whereas the disappearance of the anal tube is delayed. I, dorsal view of P. platensis at an advanced metamorphic stage. The tail is conserved and has reduced caudal fins. J, ventral view of the same specimen showing the absence of the anal tube, and features of the mouth that are similar to those present in most anurans at the end of metamorphosis. K, detail in lateral view of the position of the angle of the mouth posterior to the eye.

Figure 12 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 12. Hematoxylin–eosin cross sections (6-Mm thick) at the diaphyseal level of metatarsal IV in postmetamorphic specimens. Black arrowheads indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs). A, Lepidobatrachus llanensis, five LAGs male [data for two adult males; 5 ± 1 (SVL 74.5 mm) and 6 ± 1 (SVL 74.1 mm)]. B, Lepidobatrachus laevis, six LAGs female [data for two adult females; 6 ± 1 (SVL 144 mm) and 7 ± 1 (SVL 111 mm)]. C, Chacophrys pierottii, four LAGs male [data for two adult males; 6 ± 1 (SVL 49.9 mm) and 4 ± 1 (SVL 45.2 mm)]. D, Ceratophrys cranwelli, 11 LAGs male [data for three adult males; 14 ± 1 (SVL 84.6 mm), 11 ± 1 (SVL 81 mm), and 13 ± 1 (SVL 74.3 mm)]. E, Pseudis platensis, two LAGs female [data for two adults (female and male); 2 ± 1 (SVL 46 mm) and 3 ± 1 (SVL 44.6 mm)]. F, Telmatobius atacamensis, juvenile specimen, two LAGs [data for an adult male; 5 ± 1 (SVL 45.4 mm) and for the juvenile 2 ± 1 (SVL 45 mm)]. Abbreviations: mc; marrow cavity. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Figure 11 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 11. Mean, maximum, and minimum values of snout–vent lengths (SVLs) in advanced tadpoles (stages 38–41), during metamorphosis (stages 42–46), and in adults. Values of SVL are given in mm. Light-grey areas approximately represent the extension of larval development (LD) in months, and dark-grey areas refer to postmetamorphic growth (PG) in lines of arrested growth (LAGs). Lepidobatrachus llanensis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 15, SVL = 36.7 ± 3.4 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 26, SVL = 36.3 ± 5.8 mm); SVL of adults (N = 16, SVL = 76.5 ± 7.5 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 2 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 6 years. Lepidobatrachus laevis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 12, SVL = 46.6 ± 2.8 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 26, SVL = 49.9 ± 7.8 mm); SVL of adults (N = 13, SVL = 99.2 ± 22.1 mm). Larval development takes over a period of 2 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 7 years. Chacophrys pierottii: SVL in tadpoles (N = 10, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.9 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 28, SVL = 36.3 ± 2.6 mm); SVL of adults (N = 15, SVL = 47.8 ± 2.7 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 2 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 6 years. Ceratophrys cranwelli: SVL in tadpoles (N = 8, SVL = 26.3 ± 3.8 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 18, SVL = 27.5 ± 4.4 mm); SVL of adults (N = 10, SVL = 91.9 ± 12.7 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 3 weeks. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 14 years. Pseudis platensis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 9, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.6 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 8, SVL = 37.4 ± 2.7 mm); SVL of adults (N = 7, SVL = 45.3 ± 5.0 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 6 months. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 3 years. Telmatobius atacamensis: SVL in tadpoles (N = 11, SVL = 32.9 ± 3.4 mm); SVL of metamorphic specimens (N = 30, SVL = 31.0 ± 1.8 mm); SVL of adults (N = 2, SVL = 45.2 ± 1.0 mm). Larval development takes place over a period of 8 months. Postmetamorphic growth estimated in LAGs = 5 years.

Figure 14 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 14. Presence and absence of m. suspensoriohyoideus among selected anuran tadpoles, following the criteria proposed by Haas (2003) at larval stage 37. A, Pseudis platensis. The muscle is absent. B–F, the muscle is present. B, Telmatobius atacamensis. C, Lepidobatrachus laevis. D, Lepidobatrachus llanensis. E, Ceratophrys cranwelli. F, Chacophrys pierottii. The absence of m. suspensoriohyoideus was reported for Ceratophrys ornata, L. laevis (Ruibal & Thomas, 1988; Haas, 2003), and C. cranwelli (Vera Candioti, 2005), but Palavecino (1999) described it in C. ornata and C. cranwelli. Haas (2003) proposed that the absence of m. suspensoriohyoideus is a synapomorphy for the Ceratophrys and Lepidobatrachus clade, and Frost et al. (2006) extended the synapomorphy for Ceratophryini. Our data demonstrate the presence of the m. suspensoriohyoideous in tadpoles of the three genera of Ceratophryinae. Abbreviations: oh, m. orbitohyoideus; sh, m. suspensoriohyoideus. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 9. Palmar and plantar views of the autopodia in anurans at the end of metamorphosis, where subarticular turbercles are already well defined. A, Bombina variegata (foot): subarticular tubercles are absent and metatarsal tubercles are poorly developed. B, Bombina variegata (hand): subarticular tubercles are absent. C, Odontophrynus americanus (foot): subarticular tubercles are evident, and the inner metatarsal is not yet keratinized. D, Odontophrynus americanus (hand): subarticular tubercles are strongly developed. E, Pseudis platensis (foot): tubercles are absent and the inner metatarsal tubercle is defined. F, Pseudis platensis (hand): small subarticular tubercles are evident. G, Telmatobius atacamensis (foot): small subarticular tubercles and the inner metatarsal tubercle are present. H, Telmatobius atacamensis (hand): subarticular tubercles are better defined than in the foot. I, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (foot): subarticular tubercles are absent. The well-developed inner metatarsal tubercle and toe tips are keratinized. J, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (hand): subarticular tubercles are absent. K, Lepidobatrachus laevis (foot): subarticular tubercles are absent, and the inner metatarsal tubercle presents incipient keratinization. L, Lepidobatrachus laevis (hand): subarticular tubercles are absent. M, Ceratophrys cranwellii (foot): small subarticular tubercles are defined, and the inner metatarsal tubercles are poorly keratinized. N, Ceratophrys cranwelli (hand): small subarticular tubercles are present. O, Chacophrys pierottii (foot): subarticular tubercles are not prominent. Inner metatarsal tubercle has keratinization. P, Chacophrys pierottii (hand): subarticular tubercles are well developed. The pattern of distribution of subarticular tubercles is considered as diagnostic in most species, and development of these structures takes place at larval stages 38–40 (Gosner, 1960). Subarticular tubercles in manus and pes are also absent or poorly developed in Xenopus, Hymenochirus, Pipa, Ascaphus, Leiopelma, Alytes, Discoglossus, Madecassophryne, Stumpffia, Rhinoderma, Brachycephalus, Truebella, and Ansonia (Guibé, 1978; Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995; Matsui, Nabhitabhata & Panha, 1998; Pombal & Gasparini, 2006, among others). Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

Figure 10 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 10. Total length (TL) versus snout–vent length (SVL) plotted for larval specimens of six species between stages 39 and 41. Ceratophrys cranwelli tadpoles (N = 8, TL = 61.8 ± 8.2 mm, SVL = 26.3 ± 3.8 mm) are the smallest. Pseudis platensis larvae (N = 9, TL = 129.5 ± 14.4 mm, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.6 mm) are the largest. Lepidobatrachus laevis (N = 12, TL = 98.3 ± 7.2 mm, SVL = 46.6 ± 2.8 mm) and Chacophrys pierottii (N = 10, TL = 106.5 ± 8.0 mm, SVL = 46.3 ± 3.9 mm) share with P. platensis similar values of SVL. Lepidobatrachus llanensis (N = 15, TL = 83.7 ± 7.5 mm, SVL = 36.7 ± 3.4 mm) and Telmatobius atacamensis (N = 11, TL = 84.6 ± 4.8 mm, SVL = 32.9 ± 3.4 mm) are similar in total length, but L. llanensis tadpoles have greater body sizes.

Figure 1 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis

Figure 1. The hypothetic relationships among ten anuran taxa that resulted from the analyses of 102 morphological characters. A, the only tree that was obtained from the analysis of larval and adult characters. B, strict consensus of relationships obtained from the analysis of 61 larval characters. C, strict consensus of relationships obtained from the analysis of 41 adult characters.

Figure 11 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 11. Right orbitosphenoid of neonate in dorsal view. Anterior to the top (UIS-R-1452). A, photograph. B, schematic drawing where cartilage is represented in black; mineralization of membranous ossifications is represented in grey, and endochondral ossification is represented in white. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

Figure 8 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 8. Neonate skull and mandible of Bachia bicolor (UIS-R-1452). White dotted areas denote cartilage; black dotted areas denote scattered mineralization, suggesting membranous ossification. A, skull, lateral view. B, skull, ventral view. C, skull, dorsal view. D, mandible, lingual view. E, mandible, labial view. Key: ar, articular bone; bcf, basicranial fenestra; et, egg tooth; frpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; mc, Meckel's cartilage; nc, nasal cupola; or, orbitosphenoid; pa, processus ascendens of the tectum synoyicum; potf, post-temporal fossa; sa, surangular; sap, spheno-occipital tubercle apophyseal ossification; tc, trabecula communis. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 9. Progressive closure of the frontoparietal fontanelle fusion of frontals and parietals, and the differentiation of the frontoparietal suture during postnatal development. White dotted areas denote mineralization, suggesting membranous ossification in the neonate. The fontanelle is highlighted in grey. A, neonate (UIS-R-1452). B, UISR-1451. C, UISR-1245. D, full-grown adult (UIS-R-1442). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 6. Palatal bones. A in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 6. Palatal bones. A, vomer, dorsal view. B, vomer, lateral view. C, articulated vomer and septomaxilla in lateral view. D, articulated vomer and septomaxilla in ventral view. E, articulated palatine and pterygoid in dorsal view. Key: ap, anterior process; al, anterolateral process; cf, columellar fossa; dc, dorsal crest; fjo, fenestra for the Jacobson's organ; lp, lateral process; mp, maxillary process; plp, posterolateral process; pmp, posteromedial process; ptp, pterigoid process; qp, quadrate process; smx, septomaxilla; tf, transverse flange; tp, transverse process; v, vomer; vc, ventral crest; vp, vomerine process. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 10 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 10. Progressive ossification of the trabecular cartilage and the cartilage trabecula communis, showing morphological intraspesific variation in the basisphenoid rostrum during postnatal development. Ventral view. A, neonate (UIS-R-1452). B, UIS-R-1451. C, UISR-1443. D, UISR-1437. E, full ossified adult (UIS-R-1453). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 4. Overlapped surfaces of nasal, frontal, and parietal in dorsal view, denoted by dashed lines. Key: frf, frontal facets on the parietal; ns, nasal shelves; tp, triangular processes. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 2. The hyoid apparatus of Bachia bicolor. Dotted areas denote cartilage. Key: b, basihyal; cbI, first ceratobranchial; eh, epihyal; hc, hyoid cornus; pl, processus lingualis. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 1. Adult skull and mandible of Bachia bicolor (UIS-R-1459). A, skull, lateral view. B, skull, palatal view. C, skull, dorsal view. D, left mandible, lingual view. E, left mandible, labial view. F, skull, posterior view. Dashed lines in (F) indicate the sutures between the neurocranial elements. Key: an, angular; ca, columella; ci, crista interfenestralis; cor, coronoid; ct, crista tuberalis; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; ep, epipterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; or, orbitosphenoid; p, parietal; paocp, paroccipital process; pasc, supraoccipital processus ascendens; pdc, postdentary compound bone; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; pof, postfrontal; por, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; soct, spheno-occipital tubercle; smx, septomaxilla; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tb, tympanic bulla; v, vomer; X, vagal foramen; XII, hypoglossal foramina. Scale bar = 1 mm.