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915 results for “morphological evolution”
Eye morphology contributes to the ecology and evolution of the avian tree of life
<p>The avian eye is the single most important external anatomical trait for interpreting light environments by birds and varies widely in size and shape across the avian tree of life. The attached dataset provides measurements on eye size taken from preserved museum specimens for roughly one third of the avian tree of life (N = 3,475 species). The original dataset was collected by Stanley Ritland and Alice Hutchinson and archived as appendices in Stanley Ritland's Dissertation from the University of Chicago (1982): "The Allometry of the Vertebrate Eye".</p>
FIGURE 1. Linear measurements used for morphological comparison. B-L in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 1. Linear measurements used for morphological comparison. B-L - buccolingual width; upper teeth - posterior-most tip of the metastyle to the lingual margin of the protocone; lower teeth - lingual-most tip of the metaconid to the buccal margin of the talonid. A-P - anteroposterior length; upper teeth - posterior-most tip of the metastyle to the anterior-most tip of the parastyle; lower teeth - anterior tip of the trigonid (paraconid) to the posterior end of the talonid (entostylid). TRI - width of the trigonid. TAL - width of the taloned basin. HL - total humerus length; proximal-most tip of greater tuberosity to distal-most point on capitulum. PW - width of the proximal end of the humerus: lateral most extent of the lesser tuberosity to the medial most aspect of the greater tuberosity. GT - length of the greater tuberosity. LT - length of the lesser tuberosity. DW - width of the distal end of the humerus: lateral most extent (entepicondylar process) to the medial most extent (ectepicondylar process). RL - total radius length: proximal-most tip of capitular process to distal-most tip of lunar articular facet. DL - length of the diaphysis. UF - length of the lunar articular facet. TUL - total ulna length; proximal-most tip of olecranon process to distal-most tip of terminal process. UL - ulna length without the olecranon fossa. Elements not to scale.
Fig. 6 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data
Fig. 6 Comparison of the duty cycle in the songs of the T. armeniaca complex and T. caudata (left panel) and the Tettigonia viridissima group (right panel)
Fig. 2 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data
Fig. 2 Oscillograms of the song of the Tettigonia viridissima group (1–9) and T. cantans (10) recorded at two speeds: 1 T. cf. longealata (MO: Ajabo, T = 20 °C), 2 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: N Fes, T = 20 °C), 3 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: Bouchfaa W of Taza, T = 21 °C), 4 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: Tilougguite Pass, T = 23 °C), 5 T. cf. vaucheriana and cf. longealata (MO: El Kebab, T = 25 °C), 6 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: El Kebab, T = 28–30 °C), 7 T. cf. viridissima (MO: S Aïn Zora, T = 22 °C), 8 T. cf. viridissima (MO: S Aïn Zora, T = 25 °C), 9 T. viridissima (BG: Sofia, T = 27 °C), and 10 T. cantans (IT: Val Malene; from Massa et al. 2012, T = 15 °C)). Scale bar for A is 10 s and for B 2 s
Fig. 5 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data
Fig. 5 Appearance of some taxa of Western Palaearctic Tettigonia (relative size proportions between photos not retained). a T. cantans, male, Germany, Gunzenhausen; b T. cantans, female, Germany, Gunzenhausen; c T. uvarovi Ebner, 1946—male, holotype, Siberia (NHMW), lateral view; d same, dorsal view; e T. caudata, male, Bulgaria, Russe district, Byala; f T. acutipennis Ebner, 1946—male, holotype, "Kleinasien 1914 | Marasch, Tölg. | coll. R. Ebner" (NHMW), dorsal view; g same, lateral view; h T. armeniaca, male, Armenia, Djermuk; i T. armeniaca, male, Turkey, Ispir; j T. viridissima morphotype of longealata, male, Morocco, El Kebab; k T. viridissima morphotype of longealata, female, Morocco, El Kebab; l T. viridissima morphotype of vaucheriana, male, Morocco, El Kebab; and m T. viridissima, male and female in copula, Bulgaria, Haskovo district, Kostilkovo village
Fig. 4 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data
Fig. 4 Phylogenetic tree of the genus Tettigonia based on BI analysis of concatenated COI-ITS1-ITS2 sequences. BI posterior probability (PP) values are shown near resolved branches (only support values above 0.50). Species groups, as defined by genetic and morpho-acoustic data, are distinctly shaded, and the respective branches are marked with an open circle and a capital letter as follows: "A"—T. viridissima group, "B"—T. caudata group, and "C"—T. cantans group. Haplotype codes correspond to Table 1 in the Supplement, followed by morphological identification. Squares on the right side of names correspond to relative wing length: filled squares short wings and open squares long wings;
Fig. 7 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data
Fig. 7 Relationship between the duration of chirps and inter-chirp intervals in T. caudata and the Tettigonia armeniaca complex. Green triangles mark recordings from Ispir, Turkey, where monosyllabic, disyllabic, and polysyllabic songs of T. armeniaca were recorded, as well as a song of T. caudata (Color figure online)
Multi-decadal morphological evolution of tidally-influenced deltas
<p>This dataset contains the numerical model input and output data files (generated from the Delft3D modelling software) that are used to explore the influence of three key classes of environmental change, both individually and in combination: (i) varying combinations of fluvial water and sediment discharges ; (ii) varying rates of relative sea -level rise, and ; (iii) selected human interventions within the delta, comprising polder -dykes and cross -dams.</p> <p>The user will require 7.z software (free to download and use: https://www.7-zip.org/download.html) to unzip the downloaded data files. Delft3D modelling software (https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft3d/download) and its post-processing tools such as quickplot or OpenEarth (https://www.deltares.nl/en/software/openearth/) will be required to view and process these model data files.</p>
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales.
Figure 16 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 16. Cremnomegachile dolichosoma (Benoist), new combination. A. Facial view of female. B. Detail of female mesoscutum. C. Female metasoma in dorsal view. D. Lateral view of female. E. Male terminal terga. F. Lateral view of male.
Figure 15. Tribes Pseudoheriadini and Ochreriadini. A in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 15. Tribes Pseudoheriadini and Ochreriadini. A. Female of Afroheriades hyalinus Griswold & Gonzalez in lateral view. B. Male terminal terga of Pseudoheriades moricei (Friese). C, D. Female of Ochreriades fasciatus (Friese) in dorsal and lateral views. E. Male terminal terga of O. fasciatus.
Figure 12 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 12. Parsimony reconstruction of the two types of interdental laminae of the leaf-cutter bee mandible. We used the tree topology obtained from the total-evidence analysis of the full data set (122 taxa) to visualize character states on the clade of leaf-cutter bees. All photographs are outer views of the mandibles, except for the second from top to bottom, which is an inner view of the mandible below. Odontogenic lamina highlighted in green and ctenogenic lamina in pink.
Figure 11 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 11. Total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilini from the analysis of the full morphological data matrix (122 taxa). Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).
Figure 8 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of 30 parsimonious trees obtained under equal weighting. Numbers above nodes are standard bootstrap values, numbers below nodes are absolute Bremer values. Branches without numbers indicate bootstrap values below 50% and Bremer values of 1. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Species within boxes of the same color correspond to the same subgenus of Megachile Latreille s.l. following Michener's (2007) classification. The colored column after the species names indicates approximate number of species per subgenus. Half-colored boxes without a number correspond to species that did not cluster with the other species of the same subgenus included in the analysis. Species richness taken from Michener (2007), Moure et al. (2007), and Ascher & Pickering (2018). Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).
Figure 9 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 9. Preferred total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilidae. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node.
Figure 6 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 6. Examples of the types of setae found on the male S4–S6 of Megachile Latreille s.l. A. Branched, unmodified, S4, Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. B. Acuminate, S4, M. (Megachile) centuncularis (Linnaeus). C. Acuminate, S6, M. (Chalicodoma) sicula (Rossi). D. Fan-shaped, S6, M. (Chelostomoides) exilis Cresson. E. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith). F. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Xanthosarus) fortis Cresson.
Figure 4 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 4. Some female morphological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A, B. Lateral view of axilla. C. Dorsal view of mesoscutellum and metanotum. D, E. Outer view of apex of mesotibia. F–I. Pretarsal claws. Megachile (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith (A); M. (Stenomegachile) dolichosoma Benoist (B, C); M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith) (D); M. (Megachiloides) pascoensis Mitchell (E); Dioxys productus (Cresson) (F); M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson (G); M. (Hackeriapis) ferox Smith (H); M. (Schizomegachile) monstrosa Smith (I).
Figure 1 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 1. Species richness of currently recognized genera in the bee tribe Megachilini. A. Dorsal habitus of a female of Coelioxys sp. B. Lateral habitus of a female of Noteriades spinosus Griswold & Gonzalez. C. Male of Megachile (Zonomegachile) kalina Gonzalez, Griswold, & Engel on top of a brood cell built with leaf pieces. D. Facial habitus of leaf-cutter M. (Eutricharaea) minutissima Radoszkowski (left) and dauber bee M. (Callomegachile) pluto (Smith) (right). E. Outer surface of the female mandible of M. (Leptorachis) laeta Smith, a leaf-cutter bee, showing interdental lamina in pink. F. Dorsal habitus of M. (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis Mitchell. G. Dorsal views of M. (E.) minutissima (upper left) and M. (C.) pluto (right). Photographs are not at the same scale, except for the large and small species compared in figures D and G.
Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a sampling of the morphological diversity among the female mandible of leaf-cutter bees. A. Leaves of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) from Lesvos, Greece. B. Fossil leaf cut (Fabaceae) from Eckfeld Maar, Germany (~43 Ma). C–J. Outer view of the mandible showing interdental laminae in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic). C. Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae Schrottky. D. M. (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith. E. M. (Pseudocentron) pruina Smith. F. M. (Zonomegachile) sp. G. M. (Moureapis) maculata Smith. H. M. (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith. I. M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. J. M. (Leptorachis) petulans Cresson. Abbreviations: Mt = mandibular tooth.
Figure 13 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 13. Female mandible of leaf-cutter ants and extinct Baltic amber megachilids. A–C. Right mandible of leaf-cutter ant (Formicidae: Attini: Atta sp.) in frontal, lateral, and inner views, respectively. Arrow points to the lower margin. D–G. Synchrotron-radiation µCT scan of Glyptapis sp. (Glyptapini) from Eocene Baltic amber; facial view of the head and right mandible in outer, superior, and inner views, respectively [note that the scan resolution could not resolve the finest setae, such as those of the compound eyes which are present in this specimen as in all species of Glyptapis Cockerell (Engel, 2001)].
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.