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Fig. 27 in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 27. Outer view of chela of Pseudosesarma. A, P. edwardsii, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (RMNH-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, P. edwardsii, male (13.4 × 11.9 mm) (ZRC 1965.8.2.81), Pulau Pawai, Singapore; C, P. edwardsii, male (19.4 × 17.3 mm) (ZRC 1971.9.24.8), Singapore; D, P. crassimanum, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (RMNH-D23313), Singapore; E, P. anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; F, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India; G, P. brehieri, holotype male (17.4 × 15.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0593), Myanmar; H, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq.

Fig. 37. A–G in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 37. A–G, Pseudosesarma brehieri, paratype female (14.9 × 13.4 mm) (ZRC 2016.0594), Myanmar; F, G, P. brehieri, male (15.0 × 13.6 mm) (ZRC 2013.0209), West Bengal, India; H, I, P. brehieri, male (14.5 × 13.0 mm) (ZRC 2013.0209), West Bengal, India; J–O, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq. A, K, male pleon; B, F, L, left G1 (ventral view, denuded); D, G, M, left G1 (dorsal view, denuded); E, left G2; H, O, left distal part of G1 (dorsal view, denuded); I, N, left distal part of G1 (ventral view, denuded); J, anterior thoracic sternites 1–4. Scales: A = 4.0 mm; B–E, N, O = 1.0 mm; F–I = 0.5 mm; J, K = 5.0 mm; L, M = 2.0 mm. A–E, after Ng (2018: fig. 7E–I).

Fig. 25 in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 25. Frontal view of cephalothorax of Pseudosesarma. A, P. edwardsii, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (RMNH-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, P. edwardsii, male (13.4 × 11.9 mm) (ZRC 1965.8.2.81), Pulau Pawai, Singapore; C, P. crassimanum, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (RMNH-D23313), Singapore; D, P. anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; E, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India; F, P. brehieri, holotype male (17.4 × 15.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0593), Myanmar; G, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq; H, Contusarma bocourti, male (25.3 × 23.3 mm) (ZRC 2000.0952), Bangkok, Thailand; I, Contusarma cheirogonum, neotype male (24.5 × 21.5 mm) (ZRC 1995.225), Bako National Park, Sarawak; J, Miersarma granosimanum, lectotype male (16.9 × 14.8 mm) (NHM 1880.6), Borneo.

Fig. 22. Overall habitus, Pseudosesarma species. A, P in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 22. Overall habitus, Pseudosesarma species. A, P. edwardsii, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (RMNH-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, P. edwardsii, male (13.4 × 11.9 mm) (ZRC 1965.8.2.81), Pulau Pawai, Singapore; C, P. edwardsii, male (12.9 × 11.8 mm) (ZRC 1971.9.24.9), Singapore; D, P. crassimanum, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (RMNH-D23313), Singapore; E, P. anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; F, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India; G, P. brehieri, holotype male (17.4 × 15.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0593), Myanmar; H, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq.

Fig. 36. A–G in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 36. A–G, Pseudosesarma anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; H–L, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India. A, I, left G1 (ventral view); B, J, left G1 (dorsal view); C, D, distal part of left G1 (ventral view, slightly different angles); E, K, ventro-mesial view of distal part of left G1; F, distal part of left G1 (dorsal view); G, L, left G2; H, pleon. Scales: A, B, G = 1.0 mm; C–F, I–L = 0.5 mm; H = 2.0 mm. A–G, after Ng & Schubart (2017: fig. 17); H–L, after Ng et al. (2017a: fig. 4).

Figs 64–68 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 64–68. Caliscelidae, male genitalia: 64 = Calampocus sphaeroides Gnezdilov et Bourgoin, 2009, penis, connective and style, lateral view (after GNEZDILOV & BOURGOIN 2009, modified); 65 = Augilina longipes Melichar, 1914, penis and connective, lateral view (after GNEZ DILOV 2021); 66 = Symplanella yokdona Gnezdilov, 2020, aedeagus and connective, lateral view (after GNEZDILOV 2020, modified); 67 = Polychornum namboinum (Gnezdilov, 2013), aedeagus and connective, lateral view (after GNEZDILOV 2021); 68 = Symplana sultana sp. n., aedeagus, connective, and style, lateral view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus, cc = connec

Figs 55–63 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 55–63. Symplana sultana sp. n., holotype (55–61 = male genitalia; 62, 63 = forewing): 55 = genital block, lateral view; 56 = pygofer, ventral view; 57 = aedeagus, connective, and style, lateral view; 58 = aedeagus, ventral view; 59 = style, caudal view; 60 = style, dorsal view; 61 = anal tube, dorsal view; 62 = right forewing; 63 = apex of left forewing, with apical

Figs 50–54 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 50–54. Symplana sultana sp. n., holotype: 50 = lateral view; 51 = dorsal view; 52 = frontal view; 53 = abdomen, ventral view; 54 = labels. Scale bars: 10 mm for figs 50–51, 1 mm for

Figs 39–42 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 39–42. Symplana vieta sp. n., holotype: 39 = head and pronotum, dorsal view; 40 = face, frontal view; 41 = head and pronotum, lateral view; 42 = apex of right forewing (membrane

Figs 19–27 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 19–27. Symplana maurici sp. n., male genitalia (19–26 = holotype, 27 = paratype): 19 = genital block, lateral view; 20 = anal tube, dorsal view; 21 = pygofer, ventral view; 22 = aedeagus, ventral view; 23 = aedeagus, lateral view; 24 = style, frontal view; 25 = same, lateral

Figs 36–38 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 36–38. Symplana vieta sp. n., holotype: 36 = lateral view; 37 = dorsal view; 38 = frontal view. Scale bars: 10 mm for figs 36–37, 1 mm for fig. 38

Figs 6–10. Symplana major Fennah, 1963 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 6–10. Symplana major Fennah, 1963, female, holotype: 6 = lateral view (scale bar: 10 mm); 7 = dorsal view (scale bar: 10 mm); 8 = frontal view (scale bar: 1 mm); 9 = abdomen,

Figs 1–5. Symplana viridinervis Kirby, 1891 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 1–5. Symplana viridinervis Kirby, 1891, female, lectotype: 1 = lateral view (scale bar: 10 mm); 2 = dorsal view (scale bar: 10 mm); 3 = frontal view (scale bar: 1 mm); 4 = abdomen,

Figs 28–35 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 28–35. Symplana spp., female genitalia (28–31 = S. maurici sp. n., paratype; 32, 33 = S. vieta sp. n., paratype; 34 = S. major Fennah, holotype; 35 = S. viridinervis Kirby, lectotype): 28 = ovipositor, lateral view; 29 = same, ventral view (photo); 30 = gonocoxae VIII (Gx VIII) and fused endogonocoxal lobes (GxL); 31 = hind margin of sternite VII, ventral view; 32, 34, 35 = hind margin of sternite VII and fused endogonocoxal lobes, ventral view; 33 = fused

Figs 15–18 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 15–18. Symplana maurici sp. n., female, paratype: 15 = head and pronotum, lateral view; 16 = same, dorsal view; 17 = face, frontal view; 18 = forewing. Abbreviations: bl =

Figs 11–14 in Revision Of The Genus Symplana Kirby, 1891 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae), With Notes On Genitalic Morphology Of Augilini And Description Of Three New Species From Vietnam And Sumatra

Figs 11–14. Symplana maurici sp. n., female, paratype: 11 = lateral view; 12 = dorsal view; 13 = abdomen, ventral view; 14 = frontal view. Scale bars: 10 mm for figs 11–12, 1 mm for

Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar. in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar.

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m).

Text-fig. 7. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. Details of anatomy in transverse section on cut surfaces from bilocular fruit shown in Text-fig. 6i, V. 23013(3). a: Details of seed (S), locule (L), distinct endocarp planes of separation (arrows). b: Detail of endocarp adjacent to the locule, and surrounding mesocarp. Blue lines indicate thickness of sclerenchyma lining the locule. Note layer of horizontally oriented periclinal fibres a few cells thick, lining the locule (arrow). c: Enlargement showing parenchyma cells of the mesocarp decreasing in diameter toward the periphery. d: Enlargement showing fibres and sclereids of the endocarp. e: Sharp contact between endocarp and mesocarp. f, g: Detailed anatomy of endocarp including locule lining, and contact with mesocarp. Scale bars 2 mm in (a), (b), 1 mm in (c–g). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 7. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. Details of anatomy in transverse section on cut surfaces from bilocular fruit shown in Text-fig. 6i, V. 23013(3). a: Details of seed (S), locule (L), distinct endocarp planes of separation (arrows). b: Detail of endocarp adjacent to the locule, and surrounding mesocarp. Blue lines indicate thickness of sclerenchyma lining the locule. Note layer of horizontally oriented periclinal fibres a few cells thick, lining the locule (arrow). c: Enlargement showing parenchyma cells of the mesocarp decreasing in diameter toward the periphery. d: Enlargement showing fibres and sclereids of the endocarp. e: Sharp contact between endocarp and mesocarp. f, g: Detailed anatomy of endocarp including locule lining, and contact with mesocarp. Scale bars 2 mm in (a), (b), 1 mm in (c–g).

Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o).