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FIGURE 1 in VARSEDIG: an algorithm for morphometric characters selection and statistical validation in morphological taxonomy

FIGURE 1. Application of VARSEDIG to compare Moenkhausia dichroura and M. oligolepis with the overlap method and the argument minimum=TRUE, as default options of VARSEDIG. (A) Density plot with the overlap of the variable that best discriminates the two species, in this case variable M26. (B) Scatterplot of the polar coordinates obtained for both species using variables M26 and M11. The ellipses show the levels of significance to the 0.5 (inner ellipse) and 0.95 (outer ellipse) of each of the regions. (C) Bivariate randomisation test. The x-axis corresponds to the X polar coordinates and the y-axis corresponds to Y polar coordinates. Kernel density is estimated to indicate the contours of the distribution of randomized values (blue line). The two marginal histograms correspond to the univariate tests on each axis for which the p-values (one-sided tests) are computed. The figure shows the individual (red point) with a higher probability of belonging to Moenkhausia oligolepis among all included individuals identified as M. dichroura. (D) As in figure C, this shows the individual (red point) with a higher probability of belonging to M. dichroura among all individuals identified as M. oligolepis.

FIGURE 3 in Distinguishing between Leptidea sinapis and L. reali (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) using a morphometric approach: impact of measurement error on the discriminative characters

FIGURE 3. Schematic drawings of characters used in morphometric analysis: A) male genitalia (lateral view), B) female genitalia (lateral view) showing both papille analis and anterior apophyses.

FIGURE 2 in Distinguishing between Leptidea sinapis and L. reali (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) using a morphometric approach: impact of measurement error on the discriminative characters

FIGURE 2. Male specimen bivariate scatter plot using aedoeagus (≈ aedeagus ≈ phallus) and saccus length as discriminative characters.

FIGURE 4 in Distinguishing between Leptidea sinapis and L. reali (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) using a morphometric approach: impact of measurement error on the discriminative characters

FIGURE 4. PC1 and PC2 scatter plot of male specimens: A) "size-and-shape" PCA, B) "size-adjusted" PCA.

FIGURE 5 in Distinguishing between Leptidea sinapis and L. reali (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) using a morphometric approach: impact of measurement error on the discriminative characters

FIGURE 5. PC1 and PC2 scatter plot of female specimens: A) "size-and-shape" PCA, B) "size-adjusted" PCA.

FIGURE 43 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 43. Cladogram of species of Pinnunavis, Pinnularia and Caloneis based on 6 morphological characters using Mayamaea atomus as an outgroup. Tree length = 41, consistency index= 0.366, retention index = 0.381, rescaled consistency index = 0.139, homoplasy index = 0.634.

FIGURE 42 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 42. Prediction belts for inter-raphe distance in Pinnunavis yarrensis in this study. The thick black line is the linear regression line (n = 41). Six pairs of symmetrically disposed upper and lower 95% prediction belts are indicated by the thinner lines for unknown samples with sizes of 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 25 specimens. Those for sample size 1 are furthest from the regression line, and the limits move closer to the regression line as sample size increases. The double-headed red arrow indicates the 95% prediction interval for the mean inter-raphe distance of 3 unknown specimens, each 100 µm long. If the 3 unknown specimens were P. yarrensis and 100 µm long, then 95% of the time their mean would be expected to fall within the interval of 2.7–3.5 µm.

FIGURE 40 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 40. Inter-raphe distance as a function of valve length in Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. yarrensis and the Port Elizabeth sample. Regression lines (solid) represent the entire sample; the 95% prediction belts for the mean inter-raphe distance based on new sample size of 2 (dashed lines) are shown for each taxon.

FIGURE 39 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 39. Transect location of the maximum striae slope as a function of valve length for the 3 Pinnunavis species. Dashed regressions lines are not significantly different from zero (all p> 0.05).

FIGURE 38 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 38. Maximal striae slope in degrees versus specimen size for 3 species of Pinnunavis. Dashed regression line slopes are not significantly different from zero (p> 0.05). The circled P. yarrensis specimen (at c. x = 150, y = 10) was included in the analysis; its exclusion would not have changed the conclusions.

FIGURE 41 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 41. Comparison of the gap size in the continuous character inter-raphe distance and the t-values from paired t-tests on random samples (n = 20) of inter-raphe distance from two hypothetical groups. Four sets of 1000-replicate simulations show the effects of varying the distance between the parametric means of Group A (µA = 1.5, fixed) and Group B (variable, values shown on the chart). In all simulation sA = sB = 0.29. The dashed red line indicates the critical t-value (one-tailed) for all comparisons except µB = 1.5, for which the dashed blue line indicates the two-tailed critical t-value. Positive gap distances (shaded light blue) between paired samples indicate no range overlap, i.e. a gap, while negative inter-raphe distances indicate range overlap, i.e. no gap.

FIGURE 37 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 37. Striae slope within valves (individuals) in three taxa as a function of transect location. Each regression line is a quartic polynomial describing the pattern of striae slope in a single valve. For P. yarrensis, only the curves for Yarra Yarra are plotted, but both Yarra Yarra and South Yarra samples were pooled and used in the statistical analysis. The triangles denote taxon means at three semivalve transect locations. The P. yarrensis YY23 curve is a statistical outlier which was included in the analysis; its exclusion does not affect the conclusions of the analysis. Inset charts (a–c) are striae slopes at specific semivalve transect locations versus valve length. Inset regression lines significantly (p <0.05) different from zero are solid; those not significant are dashed.

FIGURE 36 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 36. Quartic polynomial regressions of striae orientation (degrees) along a semivalve transect in 3 species. Individual points are single stria slope measurements; solid lines are polynomial regression lines for all measured orientations in a taxon.

FIGURE 35 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 35. Quadratic regressions of striae orientation (degrees) along a semivalve transect in 3 species. Individual points are single stria slope measurements; solid lines are polynomial regression lines for all measured orientations in a taxon

FIGURE 34 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 34. The distribution of proximal interstriae distances along semi-valve transects in Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. yarrensis, P. zalatii ("aegyptiaca" subset) and the Port Elizabeth sample. Each quadratic regression line represents a single valve based on c. 50–140 proximal interstriae distances. Transect distance is measured in µm from the transapical axis. Taxon means are indicated by triangles at transect locations x = 0, 10 and 20 µm. Each of the 3 graphic insets (a)–(c) shows for the 3 species the interstriae distances at transect locations x = 0, 10 and 20 µm, respectively, regressed against valve length. The axis in the inset graphs are the same as on the larger plot. The Port Elizabeth sample was not part of the anova, its means were not plotted in the larger graph, and it was not plotted in the insets. A traditional striae density scale is provided on the right side of the plot.

FIGURE 33 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 33. The distribution of proximal interstriae distances along the semivalve transect in Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. yarrensis, P. zalatii ("aegyptiaca" subset only) and the Port Elizabeth samples. Regression lines are solid; 98% confidence intervals for the regression lines are indicated by dashed lines. A traditional striae density scale is provided along the right side of the plot.

FIGURE 30 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 30. The relationship of valve face surface area (solid regression lines) and axial area surface area (dashed regression lines) to valve length in 3 species of Pinnunavis and the Port Elizabeth sample.

FIGURE 31 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 31. The distribution of distal interstriae distances along a semivalve transect for Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. yarrensis, P. zalatii (subset "aegyptiaca" only) and the Port Elizabeth samples based on all interstriae distances within taxa considered independently. The regression line for each taxon is solid; 98% confidence intervals for the regression lines are indicated by dashed lines. A traditional striae density scale is provided along the right side of the plot.

FIGURE 21 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 21. Discriminant analysis of Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. zalatii, P. yarrensis and the Port Elizabeth samples using relative warp scores describing mantle shape. The "aegyptiaca" and "elliptica" subsets of P. zalatii were treated as separate groups. Two very close centroids are labeled: P. edkuensis as "edku" and the "aegyptiaca" subset of P. zalatii as "aegypt". The black lines define a Voronoi tesselation of the two-dimensional shape space. The percentage of the total variation in mantle shape variation explained by each discriminant function is indicted in the chart axis titles.

FIGURE 28 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt

FIGURE 28. Plot of relative warp scores of axial area shape descriptors for 7 groups: P. edkuensis, the two subsets of P. zalatii, the Yarra Yarra and South Yarra subgroups of P. yarrensis, and Port Elizabeth samples I and II. The insets display thin-plate spline representations of axial area shape for selected specimens. The consensus specimen (coordinates 0, 0) is displayed in the uppper center of the plot.