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FIGURE 3 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 3. SEM images of specimens representing clade C. NID numbers are associated with unique specimens; all are females.

FIGURE 1. A 50 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 1. A 50% majority rule Bayesian Consensus tree constructed using 148 COI nucleotide sequences of Lobocriconema and outgroups. Eighteen groups are identified by brackets and group numbers. Five singletons, specimens not belonging to delineated groups, are indicated. Node support values in parentheses are posterior probability values for Bayesian analysis and bootstrap values for maximum likelihood, respectively. The letters A, B, C and D designate major clades. Each terminal branch includes a Nematode IDentification number (NID) number, taxon and collection site. Colored bars indicate groupings according to species delimitation programs ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) and the Statistical Parsimony Program, TCS. TCS groupings were formed at the 95% similarity cutoff value.

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570. in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570.

FIGURE 12 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 12. Distribution of 18 Lobocriconema haplotype groups. Major clades A, B and C are enclosed by boxes, members of clade D are encircled. Triangles identify geographic outliers in the dataset. Boxes and circles without color represent putative endemics, recovered only from that specific location. Colors identify shared group membership. Green outline indicates the geographic range of clade A. Red outline indicates clade C minus the Utah outliers, (groups 3 and 16), group 17, and the endemic clade B (group 2). Blue, magenta, and orange outlines indicate distributions within clade D, Gulf Coast and southern Ozark and Appalachian, Gulf Coast, and north–south corridor respectively.

FIGURE 14 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 14. Discriminant function analysis of the 4 major clades. A) Stepwise selection of morphological variables and estimated ability to separate major clades. B) Mapping of classifications into discriminant space.

FIGURE 4 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 4. Light microscope images of female Lobocriconema sp. specimens from clade C. A, D, G) NID 3414 (group 18), Parfrey's Glen, Wisconsin, A) entire, 400X, D) head, 1000X, G) tail, 1000X. B, E,H) NID 3243 (group 4), Oconaluftee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina, B) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, H) tail, 1000X. C, F, I) NID 3675 (group 17), Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, C) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X.

Figure 10 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 10. Ancestral state reconstructions for the genus Hemicycliophora based on parsimony (left maximum parsimony tree) and Bayesian inference (BI; right: BI tree) of A, vulval lip structure; B, tail shape; C, presence of males. Posterior probabilities for each character state are indicated as pie charts in the majority consensus BI tree.

Figure 9 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 9. Ancestral state reconstructions for the genus Hemicycliophora based on parsimony (left maximum parsimony tree) and Bayesian inference (BI; right: BI tree) of A, average body length; B, average stylet length; C, average R (total number of body annuli); D, average RV (number of annuli between posterior end of body and vulva). Posterior probabilities for each character state are indicated as pie charts in the majority consensus BI tree.

Figure 7 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of the genus Hemicycliophora as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the D2-D3 of the 28S rRNA gene sequence data set with the general time reversible substitution model with estimation of invariant sites and assuming a gamma distribution with four categories. Posterior probabilities of over 70% are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.

Figure 5 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 5. Photomicrographs of specimens of a Spanish population of Hemicycliophora obtusa Thorne, 1955. A, entire female body; B, female pharyngeal region; C, female anterior region; D, detail of lateral field; E, F, vulval and tail regions; G, pharyngeal region of pre-adult male showing absence of stylet; H, I, detail of spicules and bursa of pre-adult male. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B, C, E–I = 20 μm; D = 10 μm.

Figure 3 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–D, lip region; E–L, lateral field. A, Hemicycliophora wyei (North Carolina, USA) (CD683); B, Hemicycliophora poranga (California, USA) (CD714); C, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (Arizona, USA) (CD715); D, Hemicycliophora californica (California, USA) (CD826B); E, Hemicycliophora gracilis (California, USA) (CD45); F, H. wyei (North Carolina, USA) (CD679); G, H. californica (CD826B); H, H. wyei (CD683); I, H. poranga (CD714); J, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (CD715); K, Hemicycliophora sp. 4 (North Carolina, USA) (CD675); L, H. californica CD826B). Scale bars: A–C, E, G–J, L = 5 μm; D = 2 μm; F, K = 10 μm.

Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 2. Photomicrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–E, anterior region; F–J, lateral field: K–O, posterior region. A, F, K, Hemicycliophora floridensis (topotype, Florida, USA); B, G, L, Hemicycliophora poranga (California, USA); C, H, M, Hemicycliophora sp. 11 (Florida, USA), D, I, N, Hemicycliophora sp. 4 (North Carolina, USA); E, J, O, Hemicycliophora wyei (North Carolina, USA). Scale bars: A–E, K–O = 10 μm; F–J = 5 μm.

Figure 4 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of specimens of a new Spanish population of Hemicycliophora iberica Castillo et al., 1989. A, entire female body; B, female pharyngeal region; C, female anterior region; D, posterior region; E, detail of lateral field; F–I, female tail tips. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–D, F–I = 20 μm; E = 10 μm. ep, excretory pore.

Figure 1 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of specimens of populations of selected Hemicycliophora species. A–F, anterior region; G–L, lateral field; M–R, posterior region. A, G, M, Hemicycliophora conida (Washington State, USA); B, H, N, Hemicycliophora sp. 3 (Arizona, USA); C, I, O, Hemicycliophora sp. 8 (California, USA); D, J, P, Hemicycliophora raskii (California, USA); E, K, Q, Hemicycliophora sp. 10 (California, USA); F, L, R, Hemicycliophora californica (California, USA). Scale bars: A–F, M–R = 10 μm; G–L = 5 μm.

Figure 8 in Molecular phylogeny, diagnostics, and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae)

Figure 8. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of the genus Hemicycliophora as inferred from Bayesian analysis using the internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequence data set with the general time reversible substitution model with estimation of invariant sites and assuming a gamma distribution with four categories. Posterior probabilities of over 70% are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.